任春琦 朱正炎
[摘要]目的探討导致钙化性主动脉瓣疾病(CAVD)的危险因素。方法回顾性分析北京市顺义区医院心血管内科2018年1—6月住院并进行超声心动图检查患者的临床资料,包括年龄、性别、体重指数、是否吸烟、总胆固醇水平、三酰甘油水平、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平、血清钙水平、是否合并高血压等。结果共纳入505例患者,根据是否存在 CAVD 将所有患者分为 CAVD 组(病变组, n=243)和主动脉瓣正常组(对照组,n=262)。病变组平均年龄(67.41±10.092)岁,显著高于对照组的(59.52±10.361)岁。应用二分类 logistic 进一步分析,结果显示年龄、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇是主动脉瓣钙化的影响因素。年龄( OR=1.090,B 系数=0.086)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇( OR=3.005,B 系数=1.100)均为危险因素。对年龄进一步分组,结果显示中年组较青年组患 CAVD 的风险并无增加,老年组患 CAVD 的风险较青年组显著增加[P=0.001,B 系数=1.711,OR=5.534,95%可信区间(2.096~14.612)]。结论 CAVD 与年龄、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平相关,老年人患 CAVD 的风险较青年人显著增加。
[关键词]钙化性主动脉瓣疾病;超声心动图;低密度脂蛋白胆固醇;危险因素
[中图分类号] R542.5+2[文献标识码] A [文章编号]2095-0616(2022)10-0125-04
Study on the risk factors of calcific aortic valve disease
RENChunqiZHUZhengyan
Department of Cardiology, Beijing Shunyi Hospital, Beijing 101300, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the risk factors of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). Methods The clinical data of patients who were hospitalized and underwent echocardiography in the Department of Cardiology of Beijing Shunyi Hospital from January to June 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The clinical data include age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, total cholesterol level, triglyceride level, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, serum calcium level, and the presence of hypertension. Results A total of 505 patients were included and divided into the CAVD group (lesion group, n=243) and the normal aortic valve group (control group, n=262) according to the presence or absence of CAVD. The average age of patients in the lesion group was (67.41±10.092) years, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (59.52±10.361) years. Binary logistic analysis was used for further analysis, the results showed that age and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were the influencing factors of aortic valve calcification. Age (OR=1.090, B coefficient=0.086) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR=3.005, B coefficient=1.100) were all risk factors. Age was further grouped, the results showed that the risk of CAVD in the middle-aged group was not higher than that in the young group, and the risk of CAVD in the old group was significantly higher than that in the young group (P=0.001, B coefficient=1.711, OR=5.534, 95% confidence interval [2.096-14.612]). Conclusion CAVD is associated with age and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The risk of CAVD in the elderly is significantly higher than that in the young.
[Key words] Calcific aortic valve disease; Echocardiography; Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Risk factors
钙化性主动脉瓣疾病(calcific aortic valve disease,CAVD)是最常见的心脏瓣膜疾病之一。据流行病学资料显示,75岁以上成年人中约有2.8%达到 CAVD 水平;65岁以上成年人中近25%存在瓣膜硬化[1-2]。近年来,随着人们对此疾病研究的深入,发现 CAVD 不单纯是随着年龄进展而出现的一种退行性疾病,从病理生理基础上,它是一种以瓣膜炎症、脂质沉积、钙化为表现的主动过程,类似于动脉粥样硬化的过程。但是导致 CAVD 的病因复杂、尚无明确定论,而且临床上缺乏有效延缓其进展的药物。本研究进一步探讨 CAVD 的危险因素,力求为其临床预防及治疗提供依据。
1资料与方法
1.1一般资料
收集2018年1—6月在北京市顺义区医院(我院)心血管内科住院并进行超声心动图检查,年龄≥18岁的患者共505例作为研究对象。其中男 328例(65.0%),女177例(35.0%)。排除风湿性心脏病、先天性心脏病、人工心脏瓣膜置换术后、主动脉瓣畸形、感染性心内膜炎者[3-5]。将所有纳入患者按是否存在 CAVD 分为 CAVD 组(病变组, n=243)和主动脉瓣正常组(对照组,n=262)。本研究经我院医学伦理委员会批准。
1.2方法
1.2.1资料收集通过查阅病例资料收集患者的临床资料,包括年龄、性别、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、是否吸烟、总胆固醇水平、三酰甘油水平、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平、血清钙水平、是否存在 CAVD。
1.2.2超声心动图评价标准超声诊断仪采用探头频率2.5/3.5 MHz 进行检查。CAVD 超声诊断标准:多切面显示主动脉瓣一个或多个瓣叶(尤其瓣环及瓣叶根部,严重者可累及瓣体及瓣尖部)回声呈局限性或弥漫性增强,且瓣膜厚度≥1 mm。其中超声提示有钙化点形成并伴有瓣膜活动度减低为严重钙化,仅有回声增强并不伴瓣膜活动度减低为轻度钙化。
1.3统计学方法
应用 SPSS 22.0统计学软件对数据进行分析。计量资料以均数±标准差( x ± s)表示,采用 t 检验,计数资料以[n (%)]表示,采用χ2检验;二分类 logistic 回归分析评价 CAVD 的危险因素。 P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2结果
2.1两组患者临床资料比较
病变组的年龄大于对照组,差异有统计学意义( P <0.05)。是否合并高血压、总胆固醇水平、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。两组男性占比、是否吸烟、三酰甘油水平、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血清钙水平、体重指数,差异无统计学意义( P >0.05)。见表1。
2.2 CAVD危险因素的预测
将是否存在 CAVD 作为因变量,单因素分析中差异有统计学意义的变量通过二分类转换后作为自变量,进行二分类 logistic 回归分析,以进一步确定 CAVD 的危险因素。结果显示年龄和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇是 CAVD 的影响因素。年龄( OR=1.090,B 系数=0.086)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇( OR=3.005,B 系数=1.100)均为危险因素。见表2。
根据年龄将研究对象划分为青年≤44岁,中年45~59岁,老年≥60岁。将年龄作为分类协变量,以青年组作为参考类别,中年及老年与其进行比较。结果显示老年组[P =0.001,B 系数=1.711, OR =5.534,95%可信区间(2.096~ 14.612)]为 CAVD 的危险因素;可以认为老年人患 CAVD 的风险较青年人显著增加,而中年人较青年人患 CAVD 的风险并无增加。见表3。
3讨论
CAVD 既往被认为是一种随年龄增长而被动发展的退化过程。但近年来研究表明,CAVD 是以组织不断纤维化重构和钙化为特征的慢性进程,从硬化到慢性炎症再到钙化,最终导致严重的狭窄[6]。钙化被认为是被瓣膜间质细胞驱动的主动进程[7],这些间质细胞通过对不同的病理刺激[如炎症递质、内皮损伤、低密度脂蛋白沉积、氧自由基、钙/磷酸盐(Ca/Pi)水平升高等]反应形成骨化或前钙化状态[8],从组织病理中可以看出此过程类似于动脉粥样硬化的过程[9]。而既往的研究也发现,CAVD 与冠状动脉粥样硬化有多个共同的危险因素,如年龄、性别、BMI、吸烟、高血压、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平、载脂蛋白 a[Apolipoprotein A,Lp(a)]等[10-12]。近年来的研究也表明,氧化的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇在 CAVD 中起到了核心作用[13]。在 CAVD 中,氧化的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇对瓣膜的浸润,支持了瓣膜钙化的发展可能,至少部分受到其影響。虽然 CAVD 与动脉粥样硬化进程有相似之处,但又存在不同。因为主动脉瓣结构与动脉管壁不同,而且所受到的血流动力学压力也不同于动脉管壁,所以,钙化性主动脉瓣的发生是多种因素及机制共同参与的结果,且并不完全明确[14]。而且临床中用于抗动脉粥样硬化的他汀类药物,对 CAVD 并未见疗效[15-16]。因此寻找到有效预防或延缓 CAVD 发生、发展的措施较为困难。
本研究通过超声心动图检测 CAVD,筛选出患病与非患病者,结果显示年龄和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇是 CAVD 的影响因素,而且年龄和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平均为危险因素。结合年龄分组,设置哑变量分析结果,老年人患 CAVD 的风险高于青年人。以上结论与既往研究结论一致[16]。而且随着年龄的增长,患 CAVD 风险愈高。但本研究中,中年人较青年人风险并无显著增高,考虑可能与此疾病在中青年人群中发病率较低有关,是否有陡然上升趋势仍需增加样本量进一步分析。本研究中,通过进行二元 logistic 回归分析时显示低密度脂蛋白胆固醇是 CAVD 的危险因素,与既往研究结论一致[16],也进一步证实了低密度脂蛋白胆固醇参与并促进了 CAVD 的发生、发展。
作為导致动脉粥样硬化危险因素的性别、吸烟、BMI 等指标,在本研究中并未显示差异有统计学意义,故 CAVD 的病理过程是否完全与动脉粥样硬化过程相同仍需进一步研究。由于本研究中一些患者的临床资料记录不完整,未纳入血压、血糖、肌酐或 eGFR、C 反应蛋白、LP(a)、尿酸等指标,研究不够全面,仍需进一步研究、探讨。
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(收稿日期:2021-12-13)