林海霞
一、作宾语
动词不定式常放在一些动词后作宾语,例如:
Ive just watched a TV programme about space. I hope to walk on the moon one day.
我刚看了一个有关太空的电视节目。我希望有一天能在月球上行走。
—Please stay with me this weekend.
——这周末请跟我待在一起。
—Im sorry, but my father and I planned to visit Beijing a long time ago.
——对不起,我和爸爸很久之前就计划去北京参观了。
We are glad to know that traditional Chinese medicine can work wonders in preventing some diseases.
我们很高兴地了解到传统中医药在预防某些疾病方面有奇效。
注意:(1)当两个或两个以上的不定式连用时,后面的不定式通常省略to。
(2)若作宾语的动词不定式短语很长,可用it作形式宾语。
(3)sorry, glad, afraid, sure, pleased, happy, surprised等部分形容词之后接动词不定式作宾语,有的视为作原因状语。
能接动词不定式作宾语的动词有以下特点:
(1)仅能接动词不定式作宾语的动词,常见的有:need, agree, decide, plan, hope, want, fail, plan, want, choose, learn, refuse, wish等动词。
(2)有类似用法的动词有:begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue等。
He begins to learn English. 他现在开始学习英语了。
I hate to trouble you. 我真不愿麻烦你。
I like swimming, but I dont like to swim now.
我喜欢游泳,可是现在我不想去游泳。
注意:like to do sth表示一次性或独特的爱好;like doing sth表示经常性爱好。
(3)stop, forget, remember, regret, mean, need, try等动词后可接动词不定式和动名词,但是它们含义区别较大。
Stop to do sth停下来去做另一件事;
Stop doing sth 停止正在做的事情。
Forget to do sth忘记要做某事(其实事情没有做);
Forget doing sth 忘记了做过或发生的事情(事情已经做过而且忘记了)。
Remember to do sth记得需要做某事;
Remember doing sth记得做过或发生过某事。
Try to do sth表示设法、努力去做某事;
Try doing sth表示尝试、试验做某事。
—I didnt hear you come in just now. ——刚才我没有听见你进来。
—Thats good. I tried not to wake the baby up.
——很好。我尽力不吵醒孩子。
— Dont forget to turn off the lights when you leave the classroom.
——当你离开教室时,不要忘了关灯。
—OK. Ill do that. ——好的,我会那么做的。
(4)动词find, think, believe, feel, make等动词常用于以下句型:
动词+ it + adj / n + to do sth(it为形式宾语)
He found it hard to catch up with others.
他发现很难去追赶上其他的人。
I think it easy to learn English well. 我认为学好英语很容易。
二、 作宾语补足语
不定式可以在句子中作宾语补足语,表示宾语所做的动作。具体情况有如下特点:
(1)表示“感觉,使役”的动词,这类动词后接动词不定式作宾语补足语,不定式可以省略to。如:see, hear, feel, watch, listen to, look at, help, let, make, have等。
The child is crying. Please do something to make him stop crying.
孩子在哭。请做点什么让他别哭了。
I saw Tom put his key in the lock, turn it and open the door.
我看见汤姆把钥匙插进锁里,转动钥匙并打开了门。
注意:
①动词help后接不定式作宾补时,不定式符号to省略或保留均可。
②感官动词既可接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语,又可接动名词作宾语补足语。前者表示动作全部过程已结束,后者表示动作正在进行。
—Where is Mike?
——迈克在哪?
—I saw him talking with Mr. Smith in the hallway just now.
——刚才我看到他与史密斯先生在走廊交谈。
I didnt see you come in. You must have been very quiet.
我没有看见你进来,你一定是悄悄地进来的。
(2)表示感情状态的动词,如:love, like, hate, prefer, want, would like等,后常接动词不定式作宾语补足语。
I want him to help me with my lessons. 我想要他辅导我的功课。
Miss Zhao likes her students to ask some questions in English.
赵老师欢迎她的学生们用英语问问题。
(3)表示“请求,要求,愿望”的动词,如:ask, tell, teach, advise, force, help, invite, wish, allow等,后常接动词不定式作宾语补足语。
Harry invited me to stay with him when his parents were out of town.
哈利邀请我在他父母不在镇上的时候去陪他。
Evans had a sore throat. His fiend advised him to drink some hot water.
埃文斯咽喉痛。他的朋友建議他喝些热水。
Doctors tell us to wash our hands before and after every meal.
医生告诉我们饭前饭后要洗手。
(作者单位:江苏省海安市紫石中学)