李广富
动名词,由动词原形+ing构成,具有双重性,既有动词的某些特征和各种变化形式,又有名词的某些性质。在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语,同时也能被副词修饰或者支配宾语。
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1. 作主语
1)直接作为主语。例如:
Taking exercise every day is a good
habit.
2)用 it 作形式主语。例如:
It isnt easy trying to climb the mountain.
句中it作为形式主语,动名词短语trying to do sth是真正的主语。 用it代替动名词作形式主语的除了上述句型外,还有It is no use/useless/useful/no good/great fun/a waste of time doing sth. 等。
例如:Its no use trying to argue with him.
3)“There be”的结构
这种句型一般用否定形式,There是引导词,作为形式主语,动名词做真正主语。意思是“不可能……”。例如:
There is no joking about such matters.
4)告示或简略的警告用语中,动名词在祈使句中作主语一般是否定的、省略的形式。例如:
No climbing. (No climbing is allowed.)
5)组成复合结构
可在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词的所有格,作为动名词自己的逻辑主语,使之变成复合结构,可作为句中主语。
Does our helping mean a lot to all of you?
our helping作为复合结构出现,是句子的主语。
2. 作宾语
1) 动名词可以直接作为某些动词的宾语,如admit /complete /finish /imagine doing sth等等。例如:
You can easily fake up (编造) an excuse to avoid going out with him.
avoid doing sth 意思是“避免做某事”,avoid之后直接接动名词做宾语。
2) 动名词也可以作为介词的宾语,但是except和but两词需慎重考虑,情况需要多方面考虑。
有些词组后必须跟动名词形式,如give up,put off,burst out,get through,cant help,insist on,feel like,be good at,be tired of,be fond of,be afraid of,pay attention to,get/be used to等。例如:
Please excuse me for opening your letter by mistake.
excuse sb for doing sth意思是“原谅某人做了某事”,介词for后动名词opening作为句子补足语。
3. 作表语
动名词作表语时,多表示主语的职业、功能、行为等性质,可以与主语互换位置,而不影响句子的意思。例如:
The most important Easter tradition is giving each other Easter eggs, because eggs are the symbol of new life.
giving each other Easter eggs作为表语,是tradition的内容。二者可以互换位置,而不影响句子的意思。
4. 作定语
动名词作定语时,表示作用、用途,做为前置定语出现,指“什么样的”。如a washing machine; the reading room等。例如: They bought a washing machine last week.
There is a sleeping car by the side of the road.
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1. 动名词的一般式
1) 表示动作与谓语动词同时发生。例如:
He likes reading.
Weve got used to Marys grumbling all day.
2) 表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生,与动名词的完成式用法相似,此时通常相关的动词有advise,delay等。例如:
I regret not coming (having come) earlier.
3)在明确表示时间的动词和介词如after,on,upon或for之后,常用一般式代替完成式,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。例如:
After answering his question, she asked to go back.
2. 动名词的完成式
动名词的完成式由“having+过去分词”构成,如having been,having come,having gone,having left等。动名词的完成式所表示的是动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。例如: Im sorry for having wasted your time.
He admitted having done wrong.
3. 动名词的被动结构
当动名词的逻辑主语是该动名词所表示动作的承受者时,要用动名词的被动式。例如:
No one enjoys being laughed at.
He didnt mind being lefr at home.