由晓丹
【摘要】 目的:探討利拉鲁肽联合二甲双胍对超重或肥胖2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者心血管、胰岛β细胞功能及炎症因子水平的影响。方法:选择2019年3月-2021年3月于辽阳市第二人民医院进行治疗的超重或肥胖T2DM患者90例,按照随机数字表法分两组,各45例。两组均以二甲双胍治疗为基础,观察组在此基础上给予利拉鲁肽,对照组则给予甘精胰岛素治疗。比较两组治疗前后体重指数(BMI)、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、舒张早期最大峰值速度/舒张晚期最大峰值速度(E/A)、左室射血分数(LVEF)、一氧化氮(NO)、内皮素(ET)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)、空腹C肽(FCP)、白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)及白介素-1β(IL-1β)。结果:两组治疗前各指标比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,两组FPG、2 h PG、HbA1c均较治疗前下降,观察组BMI低于治疗前及对照组,而观察组FPG高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组NO均高于治疗前,ET均低于治疗前,且观察组NO、ET均优于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组HOMA-IR均较治疗前降低,而HOMA-β、FCP均较治疗前升高,且观察组各指标均优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β均较治疗前降低,且均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:在二甲双胍治疗基础上,给予超重或肥胖T2DM患者利拉鲁肽有利于降糖减重,在降低FPG方面虽不及甘精胰岛素,但在改善血管内皮功能、胰岛β细胞功能及炎症状态方面效果明显。
【关键词】 2型糖尿病 利拉鲁肽 超重 肥胖 胰岛β细胞 炎症因子
Effects of Liraglutide Combined with Metformin on Cardiovascular, Islet β Cell Function and Inflammatory Factor Level in Overweight or Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes/YOU Xiaodan. //Medical Innovation of China, 2022, 19(08): 0-014
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the effects of Liraglutide combined with Metformin on cardiovascular, islet β cell function and inflammatory factor level in overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Method: A total of 90 overweight or obese patients with T2DM treated in the Second People’s Hospital of Liaoyang from March 2019 to March 2021 were randomly divided into two groups, with 45 cases in each group. Both groups were treated with Metformin, on this basis, the observation group was treated with Liraglutide, and the control group was treated with Insulin Glargine. Body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FPG), 2 h postprandial blood glucose (2 h PG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), maximum peak velocity in early diastole/maximum peak velocity in late diastole (E/A), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), nitric oxide (NO), endothelin (ET), insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), islet β cell function index (HOMA-β), fasting C-peptide (FCP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-1β( IL-1β) of the two groups were compared before and after treatment. Result: There were no significant differences in all indexes between the two groups before treatment (P>0.05). After treatment, FPG, 2 h PG and HbA1c in the two groups decreased compared with those before treatment, BMI in the observation group was lower than those before treatment and in the control group, while FPG in the observation group was higher than that in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). After treatment, NO in the two groups were higher than those before treatment, and ET in the two groups were lower than those before treatment, and NO and ET in the observation group were better than those in the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, HOMA-IR in both groups decreased compared with those before treatment, while HOMA-β, FCP were higher than those before treatment, and all indexes in the observation group were better than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). After treatment, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β in the observation group were lower than those before treatment, and were lower than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: On the basis of Metformin treatment, Liraglutide treatment for overweight or obese patients with T2DM is good for blood glucose and weight loss, it is inferior to Insulin Glargine in reducing FPG, but it is better in improving patients’ vascular endothelial function, islet β cell function and inflammatory state.
[Key words] Type 2 diabetes mellitus Liraglutide Overweight Obesity Islet β cells Inflammatory factor
First-author’s address: The Second People’s Hospital of Liaoyang, Liaoning Province, Liaoyang 111000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2022.08.003
2型糖尿病(T2DM)是一种进行性疾病,其治疗通常包括使用各种抗糖尿病药物,进行单一疗法或联合疗法,许多长期患病患者最终需要胰岛素的治疗[1-2]。T2DM不仅是糖代谢的紊乱,对脂代谢及心血管疾病的发生亦存在不利影响[3]。超重或肥胖不利于T2DM患者血糖控制,有证据表明,减肥有利于降低血糖水平,但通常执行力较差[2,4]。文献[5]研究表明开始使用胰岛素或磺脲类药物后常出现体重增加,因此对于超重或肥胖的T2DM患者体重管理尤为重要。胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)类似物因其可降低糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)并促进体重的显著降低,降低低血糖、心血管并发症的风险而受到越来越多的关注[6-7]。利拉鲁肽为GLP-1类药物,已被批准用于超重或肥胖个体的慢性体重管理[2],本研究将其与糖尿病一线治疗药物二甲双胍联合应用于超重或肥胖的T2DM患者中,观察其降糖减重效果及对心血管、胰岛β细胞功能及炎症因子水平的影响。现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选择2019年3月-2021年3月于辽阳市第二人民医院进行治疗的超重或肥胖T2DM患者90例为研究对象。纳入标准:(1)符合T2DM诊断标准并需药物治疗[8];(2)体重指数(BMI)≥24 kg/m2;(3)临床资料完整。排除标准:(1)存在本研究所用药物的禁忌证;(2)有明显糖尿病并发症;(3)有未控制的高血压、近期心血管事件;(4)合并其他内分泌疾病致肥胖或服用明显影响体重的其他药物;(5)备孕、妊娠期、哺乳期女性;(6)精神疾病、恶性肿瘤及其他严重心、肝、肾等脏器疾病。采用隨机数字表法分观察组和对照组,各45例。本研究经医学伦理委员会批准同意,患者对本研究知情同意。
1.2 方法 两组患者均给予相同的运动、饮食指导并给予盐酸二甲双胍片(生产厂家:中美上海施贵宝制药有限公司,批准文号:国药准字H20023370,规格:0.5 g/片)口服,1 g/次,2次/d;观察组另给予利拉鲁肽[生产厂家:Novo Nordisk A/S,批准文号:国药准字J20160037,规格:3 mL︰18 mg(预填充注射笔)×1支/盒]皮下注射治疗,起始剂量0.6 mg,1次/d,根据血糖水平1~2周后增加剂量,最高1.8 mg/d;对照组则在二甲双胍治疗基础上给予甘精胰岛素(生产厂家:Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH,批准文号:国药准字J20140052,规格:3 mL︰300单位×1支/盒)睡前皮下注射治疗,起始剂量0.1~0.3 IU/(kg·d),后根据血糖控制情况调整用量直至达标。两组治疗3个月后对相关指标进行检测。
1.3 观察指标及评价指标 比较两组治疗前后血糖指标、BMI、心血管相关指标、胰岛β细胞功能及炎症因子水平,其中血糖指标包括空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)及HbA1c;心血管相关指标包括舒张早期最大峰值速度/舒张晚期最大峰值速度(E/A)、左室射血分数(LVEF)、一氧化氮(NO)及内皮素(ET);胰岛β细胞功能指标包括胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)及空腹C肽(FCP);炎症因子指标包括白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)及白介素-1β(IL-1β)。于治疗前后分别抽取外周静脉血,葡萄糖氧化酶法测定FPG、2 h PG,化学发光法测定HbA1c,放射免疫法测定NO、FCP,硝酸还原比色法测定ET,ELISA法测定IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β;超声检测心功能指标E/A及LVEF;HOMA-IR=FPG×空腹胰岛素(FINS)/22.5,HOMA-β=20×FINS/(FPG-3.5)。
1.4 统计学处理 试验收集到的数据采用统计学软件SPSS 26.0进行处理,正态分布计量资料以及计数资料分别采用(x±s)、率(%)表示,比较则采用t、字2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组一般资料比较 观察组男24例,女21例;年龄32~63岁,平均(48.52±10.66)岁; 病程1~8年,平均(3.88±0.76)年;对照组男25例,女20例;年龄30~62岁,平均(49.07±9.87)岁;病程1~9年,平均(4.01±0.89)年。两组年龄、性别等一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.2 两组治疗前后BMI、FPG、2 h PG及HbA1c比较 两组治疗前BMI、FPG、2 h PG、HbA1c比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,两组FPG、2 h PG、HbA1c均较治疗前下降,观察组BMI低于治疗前及对照组,而观察组FPG高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.3 两组治疗前后心血管指标比较 两组治疗前后E/A、LVEF比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组治疗前NO、ET比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,两组NO均高于治疗前,ET均低于治疗前,且观察组NO、ET均优于对照组(P<0.05)。见表2。
2.4 两组治疗前后胰岛β细胞功能指标比较 两组治疗前HOMA-IR、HOMA-β、FCP比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,两组HOMA-IR均较治疗前降低,而HOMA-β、FCP均较治疗前升高,且观察组各指标均优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表3。
2.5 两组治疗前后炎症因子水平比较 两组治疗前IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,观察组IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β均较治疗前降低,且均优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);而对照组治疗后虽均较治疗前下降,但差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表4。
3 讨论
T2DM的治疗以降低血糖浓度为主,但对于超重或肥胖T2DM患者,降低体重对改善患者预后至关重要,研究表明,持续且适度地减重超过初始体重的5%可以改善血糖控制和心血管风险[9-10]。约50%的患者在诊断后10年内需要胰岛素治疗,这通常会导致额外的体重增加[9],本研究中甘精胰岛素治疗的3个月内患者体重无明顯增加,无改善体重的作用。GLP-1是一种肠促胰岛素激素,具有增加胰岛素同时降低胰高血糖素的双重作用[11];GLP-1在与β细胞中的GLP-1受体结合时增强葡萄糖诱导的胰岛素合成和分泌,从而增加β细胞对葡萄糖的敏感性,此外,GLP-1延迟胃排空并诱导饱腹感,导致能量摄入减少和体重减轻[12];同时,其通过抗动脉粥样硬化和抗炎机制可显著降低心血管并发症的风险,如心肌梗死、卒中和心血管死亡等[7,12]。
利拉鲁肽为GLP-1的代表药物,本研究观察组治疗后BMI明显下降,充分证明了其在改善患者体重方面的重要作用,虽然在改善FPG方面不及甘精胰岛素,但同样可有效降低患者血糖水平。E/A及LVEF是反映心功能的重要指标,两组在治疗前后均无明显变化及差异,与王晓洲等[13]研究结果一致,但其治疗24周的结果表明,E/A得到明显提高,吕颖奇[14]研究也证实利拉鲁肽治疗24周后患者心功能得到明显改善,本研究仅观察了治疗12周的结果,未发现心功能变化,亦未就长期不良心血管事件进行观察统计,还需增加观察指标延长时间进一步观察利拉鲁肽长期治疗效果;NO可扩张血管,而ET可强烈的促进血管收缩,两者均为反映血管内皮功能的重要因子,上述两指标异常可间接促进糖尿病并发症的发生,本研究中利拉鲁肽对两种物质的改善作用更明显,与王成贤等[15]研究结果一致,表明其在改善血管内皮功能、保护心血管方面具有积极作用。HOMA-IR、HOMA-β、FCP为反映胰岛素抵抗、胰岛β细胞功能的指标,糖尿病患者存在上述几项指标的异常,研究证实GLP-1具有促进β细胞存活、保护β细胞免于凋亡的作用[12,16],利拉鲁肽增强促进胰岛β细胞增殖并可减轻内皮细胞的氧化应激和细胞凋亡[17],本研究中观察组治疗后上述三项指标均较治疗前改善并明显优于对照组,与张红敏等[18]研究结果一致,表明利拉鲁肽在改善胰岛β细胞功能方面具有重要作用。文献[19]表明高血糖与炎症反应存在相互作用,糖尿病患者存在炎症,而炎症加剧T2DM的发生发展,IL-6、IL-1β可引起胰岛β细胞功能损害,而TNF-α则与胰岛素抵抗密切相关[20],本研究结果显示利拉鲁肽和二甲双胍联合治疗可降低炎症因子水平改善患者炎症状态。
综上所述,对于超重或肥胖T2DM患者,以二甲双胍为基础,加用利拉鲁肽有利于降糖减重,在降低FPG方面不及甘精胰岛素,但在改善血管内皮功能、胰岛β细胞功能及炎症状态方面效果明显,其对心血管功能及不良事件影响有待进一步研究。
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(收稿日期:2021-09-22) (本文编辑:占汇娟)