田如蜜
阅读和写作是英语教学的重要组成部分。阅读是输入理解的过程,写作是输出表达的过程,两者彼此影响、互相促进(葛炳芳 2013)。《义务教育英语课程标准(2022年版)》指出:要基于英语学习活动观组织和实施教学,以主题为引领,以语篇为依托,通过学习理解、应用实践和迁移创新等一系列体现综合性、关联性和实践性的活动,引导学生整合性地学习语言知识和文化知识,围绕主题表达个人观点和态度(教育部 2022)。
在初中英语教学中,教师应重视读写结合、以读促写的教学方式,促进学生综合语言运用能力的发展和核心素养的提升。近几年,所在学校的学生中考英语作文题的得分率不高,有些学生甚至没有读懂题目,所写的作文质量不高。通过在实践中观察发现,初中英语读写教学存在以下问题:
一是读写教学分离。长期受应试教育影响,教师在平时的阅读教学中注重词汇、句型等语言知识点的讲解,忽略了对篇章结构、词句应用、作者写作意图等的分析,以及阅读对后续写作的指导性作用,导致读写分离,学生写出来的文章质量不高。
二是很多学生对英语写作有抵触情绪。如果教师在布置英语作业时没有强调作文,总会有一些学生趁机不写。学生越不会写越不肯写,越不肯写越不会写,从而陷入恶性循环。
三是学生在写作过程中缺乏科学、系统的指导。学生的写作停留在简单模仿范文的层次,没有意识到阅读和写作之间有着密切的联系。很多学生认为只需多背一些所谓的范文,就足够应付中考写作。
四是写作训练不到位。教材及教师给写作课时分配较少,学生难以当堂完成目标作文。面对繁重的作文批改任务,教师一般一个礼拜精改一篇作文。“批改—讲评”的周期太长,久而久之,班级里的写作学习氛围就不够浓厚。
五是学生存在个体差异。学生在学习、接受写作知识技巧方面存在一定的差异。比如,有些学生能够很快将所学词句、技巧自如地运用到自己的文章中去,而一部分学生生搬硬套,无法有效运用。
为了改善初中英语读写教学,在教学实践中基于英语学习活动观,通过创设一系列体现综合性、关联性和实践性的英语学习活动,构建文本阅读和任务写作有机结合的教学模式,并融入“写作任务卡”的应用,帮助学生真正做到读得到位、写得精彩。
以人教版(Go for it!)初中英语教材中的阅读文章为蓝本,结合单元最后一课时的写作任务,将阅读和写作以明、暗线交织的方式进行全面的融合,力求构建“阅读→写作任务卡→写作”教学模式,引导学生在训练阅读微技能的基础上积极借鉴阅读材料,形成了以下有效的教学策略。
写作考查学生用词、造句和谋篇布局的能力。在阅读教学中,教师要引导学生关注文中的高级词汇、衔接词的应用,分析文中的精彩句子,体会语言表达的得体性,同时,要引导学生进行遣词造句、段落仿写演练,在写作中活用,使其所写文章语言丰富、句式灵动且有逻辑性。
例如,在人教版(Go for it!)初中《英语》八年级(下)Unit 5 2b Do You Remember What You Were Doing?的教学中,文章讲述了人们往往对重大事件发生时自己正在做的事情印象深刻的道理,列举了人们对马丁·路德·金(Martin Luther King)被暗杀和美国9·11事件的回忆,让读者体会事件发生时人们的感受,感悟人们对重要历史时刻的深刻缅怀。文章结构清晰,每个段落的主题句鲜明,文中副词的运用比较生动、连词的运用比较灵活,还出现不少丰富多样的短语和句型,值得学生在后续的写作中模仿借鉴。在教学中,教师侧重引导学生品析文本语言、模仿优美语句、积累写作素材、优化语言表达。
1.组内交流,寻找好词佳句
教师让学生以小组为单位,找出文章中精彩的单词、词组和句子,感悟篇章的语言,然后,分析单词、词组、句子的用法和作用。
T:There are many wonderful words,phrases and sentence patterns in the passage.It’s time for us to find them and tell the function of them.Each group shares its findings with us.
S1:Our group finds the adverb“completely”in the sixth line of paragraph 2.That means they were shocked very much.
T:Yeah,so do you know the function of adverbs?
Ss:They can strongly express our feelings.
T:You’re so clever.What about group two?What can you find?
S2:We find the conjunction of“when”in several sentences in the passage.They tell us the activity they were doing at that time.
T:Thank you very much.So conjunction words are very important when we want to combine two sentences.Now let’s invite group three.
S3:Our group finds the phrase“has meaning to”in paragraph 3 is a good use for us.
T:Exactly.So what’s the function of it?
S3:It expresses the date is meaningful to most Americans.
S4:We think“so...that”in paragraph 4 is a good sentence pattern.It describes the feeling of Kate Smith when he heard of this news.
T:We know“so...that”is a very useful sentence pattern when you write an article,right?
【分析】遣词造句的多样性是写作中的一个要点。教师引导学生找出文章中的好词佳句及有用的表达,并在小组之间进行交流讨论。在各小组分别展示了副词 completely、连词 when、短语 has meaning to、句型so...that后,教师启发学生在自己的习作中努力使用阅读文章中的优美词句,使行文表达优美、流畅。教师通过及时与学生沟通,拓宽了他们的思维,使其掌握了更丰富的表达方式。
2.组内采访,当堂仿写
首先,教师让学生运用从阅读文章中找出的精彩语句口头模仿讲述令自己难忘的事件。其次,教师让学生进行当堂限时写作。最后,教师挑选具有代表性的习作进行全班投影展示。
T:This time let me invite two students of each group to present the big event you remember most clearly in your group.One student acts as a TV reporter,and the other student plays as an interviewee.First,let’s discuss it with your group members.Then come to the front and act it out.
S1:Hello,Miel.May I ask you some questions?
S2:Of course!
S1:Can you tell us what event you still remember?
S2:I remember the art festival competition which completely surprised me.
S1:What were your classmates doing when you took part in the competition?
S2:Our school was holding a sports meeting when I took part in the competition.
S1:Why did you remember it well?
S2:Because it has great meaning to our school,especially the members of the music club.Everyone was so excited that we were jumping up and down.
在学生完成口头输出后,教师发给他们一张写作任务卡(见附录一)。要求如下:(1)点明习作的话题;(2)明确习作的时态;(3)有效借鉴课文中的精彩词句。
学生习作如下:
During my life,I remember many things well.And the most important event that completely surprised me is the art festival,which happened in September,2018.
When this big event happened,my school was holding a sports meeting.The sun was shining brightly and the air was fresh.Everyone was relaxed and enjoyed the good weather.However,as for each member of our Xincheng Art Club was nervous because we all wanted to get good grades in the competition.
It didn’t take long that we should appear on the stage.We took a deep breath and smiled at the audience.We tried our best to show our beauty when the music rang.In the end,the audience greeted us warmly and clapped for a long time.As a result,to our surprise,we made it.When we heard the good news that we won the first prize,we were so excited that we were jumping up and down.
This event has great meaning to me because it not only provides a valuable chance to bring us together,but also let me realize the spirit of teamwork.
【分析】教师在以说促写的过程中引导学生进行“头脑风暴”,形成自己的观点并创造性地表达自己的观点。写作任务卡从主题句、时态、好词佳句三个方面给学生搭建了写作支架,促使他们顺利完成写作。
本文研究了不同价态的Fe对厌氧发酵系统的出水水质变化的影响,运用三维荧光光谱对出水水样进行了表征,通过平行因子分析进一步研究三维荧光光谱,并通过 FT-IR表征,研究其对厌氧发酵过程的影响机理。
在阅读教学中,教师要引导学生仔细观察文章的文体和篇章结构,概括段落大意、抓住行文线索、关注连接词的使用等,构建清晰的文章框架思维导图,同时,引导学生在写作前构建文章框架,确保所写文章结构清晰、行文流畅。
例如,在人教版(Go for it!)初中《英语》九年级Unit 5 Section B 2b Beauty in Common Things的教学中,文章介绍了我国特色传统艺术,如孔明灯、剪纸和泥塑,包括它们的制作原料、制作工艺和象征意义等。在阅读教学中,教师重点让学生了解文章结构的特点——先总体介绍,再进行细节描写。文章结构清晰,细节描写到位,内容和学生的生活息息相关,值得他们写作借鉴。在阅读课上,教师给学生发放了“阅读分享卡”,重点要求他们模仿这篇课文的框架结构。
1.略读文本,寻主题句
首先,让学生通过快速阅读概括出每段的主旨大意,理清文章的脉络结构。学生很快就找到了相应的主题句:(1)A general introduction of traditional art forms.(2)Specific details of sky lanterns.(3)Specific details of paper cutting.(4)Specific details of Chinese clay art.
2.扫读文本,觅细节处
在学生对所读文本有了整体了解后,教师布置任务,引导他们品读文章细节,为独立写作提供思路。首先,教师要求学生细读文章第二、三、四段,补全下面的表格(见下页表1,内容图式),并回答以下问题:每一段提到的共同的事情是什么?它们是由什么制作而成的?它们各自象征着什么?”
表1
其次,教师引导学生认真研读每一段,分析重要段落的结构,借助思维导图(形式图式)梳理段落的内容层次和细节信息。学生通过阅读第二段可以描绘出以下思维导图。学生借助思维导图可以更好地理解文章结构,有效获取信息。
最后,教师让学生自主梳理泥塑的制作过程,并用箭头标示(语言图式)归纳某件艺术品的制作步骤,同时注意文章中的好词佳句,为模仿创作作好准备。
It takes several weeks tocompleteeverything.
(1)First...are carefully...by...from...and then allowed to...
(2)After...they are...at a very...
(3)Then,they are...
3.品读文章,着手写作
从阅读文章过渡到写作,实现以读促写。学生已经提前搜索好关于“杭州丝绸”的相关背景材料。教师给每个小组分发一张“写作任务卡”(见附录二),上面布置了写作课需要完成的一系列任务:(1)列出文章提纲(第一段介绍杭州的位置和重要性,第二段介绍丝绸产生的背景,第三段介绍制作丝绸的步骤);(2)经过小组讨论,罗列出将在文章中运用到的有用的语句;(3)对于丝绸整个制作过程的简单介绍(提取关键词)。
学生习作如下:
Hangzhou is the capital city of Zhejiang province.It’s the political,economic and cultural center.For instance,silk is one of the symbols of Hangzhou.
According to Chinese history,Yellow emperor’s wife was the first person to start making silk Meanwhile,silk was used to trade with neighboring countries at that time.Of course,silk which is colorful was also used to make clothes.When you touch it,you will feel that it is smooth and comfortable.It is regarded as a noble and elegant object.
Now let me tell you how to make it.First,silk is carefully rolled and weaved by machine and then it is allowed to dye.When you are dyeing,you need to remove something like oil from it.After that,you should bleach with chemical things.Then it is stained and painted,which is the most important step.Finally,you are supposed to tidy the product.
In summary,these things are ordinary.Otherwise,it is obvious that they are the representative of the city.We have to cherish these common things and find the beauty in them.
【分析】通过应用实践类活动,使学生有效借鉴阅读文章的框架结构和细节表达,丰富其所写文章。在学生写作前,教师借助阅读文章帮助他们构建作文的框架结构,理清文本脉络,丰富写作内容,从而保证教学目标的顺利达成。
人教版(Go for it!)初中英语教材中的阅读语篇蕴含丰富的信息,特别是九年级教材中的阅读语篇更具鉴赏性和延展性。教师可以充分利用这些阅读文本,引导学生挖掘其中的有用信息,并进行续写、仿写(葛炳芳 2014),甚至高考英语新题型读后续写的训练,有效提高其写作能力和水平。
例如,人教版(Go for it!)初中《英语》九年级Unit 8 Section A 3a的阅读文本Strange Happenings in My Town是关于小镇怪声的,讲述的是在一个安静、和谐的小镇上突然出现了一些奇怪的声音,众多人物发表了各自的推测和意见。虽然每个人都有自己的想法,但是大家都不知道这个奇怪的声音的来源。这种充满悬疑的故事情节具有独特的魅力,文章结尾写道:There must be something visiting the homes in our neighborhood,but what is it?We have no idea.给人留下的想象空间很大,到底是什么样的声音呢?这就为Section B 3a任务的完成和文章续写提供了可能。
1.快速阅读文章,寻找写作要素
文章的体裁是记叙文,包含when、where、who、what等要素。教师让学生快速找到文章中的这些要素。
Type:narrative
When:these days
Where:in a small town
Who:victor,victor’s wife,victor’s friends,the policeman,Helen,one woman in the area,the writer himself
What:strange noises
2.细读文章,找出不同看法
让学生归纳文中不同人物对于所出现的怪声的看法,把握文章的细节信息,然后根据表格(见表2)进行简单的复述,从而达到巩固课文内容的作用。这一步有利于提高学生的口头表达能力。
表2
3.小组合作写作,分享写作内容
给每个小组分发一张“写作任务卡”(见附录三),上面布置了写作任务:(1)列出文章提纲(第一段介绍谜团的背景,围绕写作要素展开);(2)罗列不同的同学对怪声来源的看法;(3)最后由一位学生总结并书写真相。优秀习作如下:
It has been a long period of time since the strange noise happened in our neighborhood.So here were plenty of ideas about it from my neighbors.One of the most probable reasons I thought was that here were some birds flying through the trees.After all,there’s a forest where many wild animals live in.What’s more,the noise also might be made by machines when workers were using them to build a new subway nearby.As far as I’m concerned,it was made by children who were playing hide and seek with friends.Because it was common that they were interested in playing tricks at night for fun.
However,the truth was found by the zoo keeper.An little elephant ran away from the local zoo one day.And it made the noise while it was finding food in our neighborhood during these days.That is the mystery in neighborhood,and now,there is no more.
Luckily,the mystery was solved,and the stone in everyone’s heart finally fell down.All people feel surprise and fun.What an unusual but funny experience!
【分析】通过迁移创新类学习活动,让学生对奇怪的声音的来源和故事的结局进行讨论,开阔思维,思考各种声音来源的可能性。通过小组合作写作的方式,调动学生写作的兴趣和主动性。这是非常难得的思维碰撞、相互学习的机会。通过团队合作写出来的文章会让学生更加记忆深刻。
4.小组互评
教师要求组间互评。学生需要综合运用多种思维对习作进行审视、判断和求证,这是发现不足、修正完善的过程。在组间互评的过程中,教师引导学生欣赏和评价他人的作品,鼓励他们在审视别人的作品时发现问题,培养批判性思维。写作评价表如下(见表 3):
表3
通过对英语学习活动观视域下的初中英语读写结合教学进行实践探索,形成了一套较为完整的读写结合学习模式,使学生在掌握阅读和写作技能的同时,读得更加深刻、写得更加流畅。对于教师自身而言,提高了阅读文本分析能力与教材整合能力。以下问题有待在进一步实践研究中得以解决:
一是如何避免“中式英语”。学生习作中的很多句子有以汉语思维简单翻译的痕迹,导致语言表达不够地道和得体。
二是如何避免写作离题。在教学实践中发现很多学生在写作中审题不仔细,洋洋洒洒地写了一大段,结果却和主题无关。
三是如何摆脱格式化模式。许多学生为了写作拿高分,背了很多所谓的精彩套用语句,但是在实际运用中不分场合、格式化地套用。如何改变这种现象也需要进一步探索。
通过教学实践和反思积极探索高效并契合学情的课堂教学模式是每一个教师需要研究的课题。本次实践研究不仅丰富了读写课堂教学的内涵,还提高了教师的教学水平。