杨明菊
中图分类号:G4 文献标识码:A
词所承载的意义受到其具体语境的制约。制约语境通常包括上下文语境、文化语境和情景语境(胡壮麟)。遵循语境,才能让翻译更加貌合神似。本文将以中文“抢”为例,探讨在不同语境下,“抢”对应的不同英文表达,比如上公共汽车时人们抢上抢下,开车抢行,节目中抢风头等都“抢”法各异。本文参阅了多种原汁原味外刊读物及常用辞书,并结合实例来探讨这十种生活中常见的“抢”如何用英语来演绎。
1. 抢着做: 表示主体人积极的做事热情,所以可译为eager, enthusiastic等,如:Everyone was eager to help the teacher clean the classroom. 大家都抢着帮老师打扫教室。
2.抢上抢下:指人们在上下班高峰期拥挤上下车的现象,这过程中可能涉及推搡、跑、挤等动作,英语翻译时,需要恰当选词来表达。如:Don’t push. Please line up and wait your turn. 别抢(别往前挤)。应该排队,等该我们上的时候再上。此外,“别抢”“别挤”等还可用wait 或 be patient等来表达。如:Wait, wait. Don’t take any toys yet. 别抢!现在还不能拿玩具。
3. 抢座,在英语中通常可说grad a seat或scramble for a seat等,如:(1) I’m so worn out. I will just jump in and grab a seat. 我好累啊。我得赶快抢个座。(2) There was a mad scramble among the tourists for the best seats.游客们不顾一切地抢占最好的座位。
4.抢走或者抢劫,本意为东西被人强行夺走,动作常常迅速粗暴等。如:(1)It was reported that the Central Bank was robbed yesterday. 报道称中央银行被抢劫了。(2) “Give me the toy,” he said softly, “or I will take it away from you.”“把玩具給我”,他说道,“否则我就把它从你那儿抢走。” (3) He snatched at the steering wheel but I pushed him away.他伸手来抢方向盘,但我把他推开了。
5. 抢行,在日常交通中比较常见的强行抢道行为,在英文中比较多使用cut或pull into等来表达。如: This driver cut in our lane.这个司机硬抢到我前面。
6. 争抢指争相抢占、竞争拼抢,在中文语境中使用广泛,如争抢生意,争抢玩具,争抢机会等,在英语中常可用scramble for, battle for, fight for, compete for, chase after等,如:(1) The two leaders are battling for control of the company.两位领导人在争抢公司的主导权。(2) Due to the economic depression, too many people are chasing two few jobs nowadays.由于经济不景气,太多的人在争抢寥寥无几的工作职位。
7. 抢答,在不同的语言交际情景中,表达应有所不同。(1) Oh, I grabbed none to answer!得,我一个也没抢答上。(2) Blurt out answers before questions have been completed. 在问题说完之前就抢答。
8.抢风头,常用作贬义词,形容人爱出风头,在英语中常用show off, steal the thunder, steal the spotlight, steal the limelight等来表达。如:(1)I couldn’t believe how he stole our thunder. He told a reporter about the new drug, so the papers gave him the credit but not all the people who actually did the work.原来这个人抢先一步对记者宣告这种新药。这一来报刊就把功劳都归给他, 却忽略了真正为此付出辛劳的人。
9.抢眼,和“抢风头”意思接近,但“抢眼”常作褒义用法,意为耀眼夺目,惹人注意。在英文里常译为:eye-catching, impressive, exceptional, steal the show等。如:(1) Her novels have just been reissued with eye-catching shiny new cover.她的小说刚进行了重印,新封面非常的抢眼。 (2)Their performance during this season is quite exceptional. 他们在这一季的表现特别抢眼。(3) As always, the children stole the show.和往常一样,孩子们仍然最抢眼的。※steal the show意思是崭露头角, 令他人相形失色。与steal the spotlight/thunder相比,没有耍弄任何计谋手腕,是褒义的用法。
10.抢手,如(1) hot/popular products 抢手的产品,(2) a ticket for the hottest show最抢手的展览门票(3) You are a good catch if you are honest and can be trusted.如果你能诚实且被信任,你就是个抢手货。(4)But is staging the Olympics such a great prize? 举办奥运会真的如此抢手的吗?
由此可知,语境对“词”译表达有着密切的制约关系。其实,由于地域文化的差别或场合的不同,中文里一个词在英语中常常有纷繁复杂的翻译和表达方式,而且它们传达的感情色彩可能也会大相径庭,只有关注这些差异,才能更准确的表达真实意愿,避免歧义。因此,对于英语非母语学习者,了解不同语境中英语表达的差异和驾驭英语要表达的感情色彩是至关重要的。