林丽
摘 要:读后续写是高考英语新增加的书面表达考核内容。读后续写要求学生在准确理解文本的基础上,找出文本的核心要点,并结合所给段落开头和关键词续写出一篇内容上有逻辑衔接、情节和结构上完整的短文。文章以读后续写表达思维活用为论述要点,探讨结合学生的文本阅读和写作需求,引导学生由此及彼地运用要点摘录、核心词汇深思、前后语句联读、语句整理和回头审读等方法找到所给文本的切入点与发散点,提高学生的书面表达能力。
关键词:高中英语;书面表达;读后续写;阅读;思维
中图分类号:G633.41 文献标志码:A文章编号:1008-3561(2022)01-0091-03
读写结合是英语教学的基本原则,阅读是吸收,写作是表达,两者相辅相成,密不可分,都是英语教学中的重要内容。提高学生的英语阅读能力和写作能力是英语课程重要的教学目标。在我省即将施行的新高考模式中,英语科目的书面表达部分由原来的一篇变为两篇,除了学生比较熟悉的应用文写作之外,又新增加了读后续写写作。这对学生的阅读能力和写作能力都提出更高的要求,对教师的阅读教学和写作教学也提出新要求。在实际教学过程中,教师必须注重读写结合教学方法的运用,以读促写,以写促读,从而促进学生读写思维的发展,有效提高学生的读写能力。
一、聚焦要点摘读:有的放矢“揣”意
写作是以阅读为基础的,读后续写更是在阅读的大前提下进行的写作。基于此,在日常教学过程中,教师要引导学生在理解原文的基础上,有的放矢地写作,使学生的续写不偏离主题。一方面,教师要引导学生聚焦原文要点摘读,并给出相应的要点摘读提示和指导。另一方面,教师要启发学生融入原文,深入理解文本内容,并努力在原文语句中找出更多可供表达运用的关键点。下面,笔者以一篇读后续写为例进行具体分析和讲解。例文:Three years ago, at Christmas time, my wife, three children and I were on our way from Paris to Nice...Our hotels were “tourist traps” and our rented car broke down. On Christmas Eve, when we checked into a dirty hotel in Nice, there was no Christmas spirit in our hearts...In the corner a piano player was listlessly(无精打采地)playing Christmas music...“I, I don't have change, sir. ”She said.“I'll get some from the waiter.”“No, ma'am,” said the sailor, leaning over and kissing the ancient cheek.“This is my Christmas present for you.”短文的大概意思是,去年圣诞节的时候,我和妻子以及三个孩子从巴黎到尼斯去度假,路上一点都不顺利……我们住的旅馆是家“黑店”,我们租的车子还坏了。在平安夜,当我们入住尼斯一家又脏又差的酒店时,一点圣诞节的心情都没有了……但是,当一位老婆婆没零钱找给向她买东西的水手,水手俯身亲吻了老婆婆的脸,并说,“这是我送给你的圣诞礼物”时,一切感觉都不同了。这篇小短文读起来并不难,也很好理解。教师在带领学生阅读时,可以从文章的整体格调入手,仔细体会文本的深意,并以“Christmas present”为表达切入点,引导学生从listlessly(无精打采地)的氛围中体味到“人間自有真情在”这一中心。教师在指导学生读后续写时,可以提示学生从短文的中心出发,围绕要点进行写作,而要点通常要从what、when、where、who、why等方面去分析。
二、围绕核心词汇:换位思考“融”境
细节描写是阅读素材的灵魂,是学生最需要关注的地方。在实际教学过程中,一方面,教师要让学生反复阅读文本,加深他们对文本内容的理解,并启发学生结合自身对文本的理解和感知,提出自己的想法。另一方面,教师要引导学生围绕文本的细节描写,特别是从一些关键的核心词汇出发,仔细体悟文本细节描写的用意,找出文本的思想内核,从而找到续写的关键。例如,在一篇读后续写中,有这样的话:I wanted to go skating. But I couldn't do that. Because when I was eleven years old, I had a big accident. I get scared even now when I think about that time. I went skating near my house...I went with a friend who was very skillful. He left me skated all around. As soon as he left, I fell down...I was bored because I kept falling...What should I do at that time? The man grabbed my arms pulled me up... Until now, I always feel uncomfortable. Because I'm afraid of skating, I don't want to go skating once again even if now. 文章讲的是作者11岁时和一个朋友去滑冰,自己出了一个大事故,导致再也不敢去滑冰的故事。针对这篇短文,首先,教师要带领学生仔细分析文本,找出文中关键的核心词汇。从文本的开头部分“I wanted to go skating. But I couldn't do that. Because...”中可以看出作者想去滑冰,但是不能去,然后后面很大一段都是在解释自己不能去的理由。由此不难发现这篇文章的主题词是“go skating”。然后,教师再引导学生由此及彼、以己及人,进行换位思考,如有的学生玩水时呛过水就害怕学游泳,有的学生骑单车时摔过跤就不愿意再去骑单车等,以此提升学生的体验感,让学生找到续写的切入点。最后,教师再引导学生从人物、时间、地点、情节等几方面入手进行文本续写。
三、前后语句联读:同向发力“对”标
读后续写是让学生根据自己对文本内容的理解,提出自己的观点和想法的一种写作方式,是考查和发展学生思维能力、创新能力的有效手段。基于此,一方面,教师要引导学生通过对原文前后语句的联读,找出文本的主题要义。另一方面,教师要启发学生结合自己对文本的理解,从文章前后语句的差异中总结出自己的想法,从而获得对文本更深层次的认知和理解。下面笔者以一篇短文为例进行分析。A few weeks before Thanksgiving one year, my husband and I decided to invite a guest over for the holiday. I called a senior center and they suggested Ilse. She was a stubborn 78-year-old lady, who favored sequined(亮片的) T-shirt...On Thanksgiving, within minute of arriving...like a surrogate(替代的)grandma. So when her only son Ralph died, I realized she was too upset to be left alone and helped her hire a caregiver. For me, she was like a family and I was the only one left in her tribe...At the end of the week, I received an early-morning phone call from her caregiver." Please come over now, "the woman said, her voice matter-of-fact." She's passed away." When I arrived, I saw Ilse lying on her bed, motionless, her eyes closed. I sat on the edge of the bed, too shocked to cry.教师在为学生讲解此文时,就可以采用前后语句联读的方法,帮助学生理解文意。首先,教师要引导学生通过一些重要词句来解读文本的内容,如A few weeks before Thanksgiving one year交代了事情发生的时间,即感恩节的前几周。I called a senior center and they suggested Ilse引出故事的主人公艾尔莎。She was a stubborn 78-year-old lady, who favored sequined(亮片的)T-shirt...交代了艾尔莎的基本信息及性格特点。So when her only son Ralph died, I realized she was too upset to be left alone and helped her hire a caregiver. 引出护工,进而推动故事情节的发展。"Please come over now," the woman said, her voice matter-of-fact."She's passed away."在故事的最后艾尔莎去世了。然后,教师再带领学生根据刚刚前后语句的联读,仔细揣摩分析文意,引导学生体味出这是一个伤感中带着温馨的独居老人的小故事。最后,教师再引导学生从“是什么”“为什么”“怎么样”等角度对短文进一步深层解读,提升学生对文本的体悟,从而为学生的读后续写的顺利进行打下基础。
四、提炼整理语句:融入文本“延”思
读后续写要求学生结合文本内容,在提炼整理文本语句的基础上,找出文本的关键词句,并结合自己對文本的整体感悟,表达出自己的想法。这就要求,一方面,教师要帮助学生有效提炼整理文本的语句,拓宽学生的思路,为学生读后续写的顺利进行做好铺垫和准备。另一方面,教师要鼓励学生通过对文本语句的提炼和整理,找到续写的切入点,并在原文内容的基础上融入自己的想法,顺利展开续写。笔者以下面这篇短文的读后续写为例,进行分析和讲解。Mr. Brown's house is close to his office, so he can drive home for lunch every day. But every time he drove home at noon, he found that there were many cars outside the house, so his car couldn't be put. He had to drive somewhere else to park his car...He said he couldn't use the word "police"... made a blue board with white letters: Polite Notice-No Parking! "Oh," Mrs Brown said, "you told me you weren't going to use the word 'police'..." "Really!"he asked. "Look again." She began to laugh, "You are really clever."布朗先生住的地方离单位很近,因此每天中午,他都开车回家吃午饭。每天他开车回到家后,总会发现有很多车停在他家门前,导致他的车没地方可停,这让他非常生气……于是,布朗先生决定制作一块提示牌阻止别人停车,可是他不能使用“police”这个词。他想了好久,最后制作了一块蓝板,上面写着白字:“友情提醒——禁止停车”……教师在带领学生阅读这篇短文时,可以先引导学生提炼整理出文本的关键语句“He said he couldn't use the word ‘police...”“Polite Notice-No Parking!”然后,教师再引导学生联系短文最后布朗夫人的话,“You are really clever.”想想布朗夫人夸奖布朗先生的原因,找出上面两个句子的关联。通过联系前后文,学生很快就会发现,在英文中“police”和“polite”书写非常相像,“Polite Notice-No Parking!”很容易被误认为是“Police Notice-No Parking”,而警察提醒的效果显然会更好,所以布朗夫人才会说“You are really clever.”。最后,教师再让学生根据前面的分析,对接下来可能会发生的事情展开联想,“再也没有人在家门前停车……”或“有人发现了他提示牌的秘密……”
五、回看完善表达:审视推理“靓”处
要想学生在进行读后续写时,写出切合文本原意的内容,一方面,教师要引导学生在回看完善文本的过程中,多表达自己的想法,从而使学生在聚焦文本核心要点的前提下,进一步获得深层感悟。另一方面,教师要帮助学生深入探知文本的思维发散点,引导学生从不同的思维视角、不同的切入点去尝试续写。如下面这篇短文:My mother once asked me, which part of my body is the most important part? I thought sound very important, so I said, "My ears, Mommy."... It wasn't until after grandma died last year that we all cried. We said our last goodbye to grandma. Mom asked me, "Do you know the most important body part yet, my dear?" I was surprised when she asked me this now...How you answer shows whether you have learned about life"... "All your previous answers-ears, eyes, hands, heart...all very important things need you and others."隨着个人成长经历的变化,对同一问题在不同时期会有不同的思考视角,得出的结论也不尽相同。“什么是最重要的?”这篇短文通过作者在不同阶段对这个问题的不同想法,指明“你以前认为最重要的耳朵、眼睛、手、心……所有这些都是非常重要的器官,但他们都是在你这个人存在的情况下,才有意义”。教师在带领学生阅读这篇短文时,首先要让学生谈一谈自己对“All very important things need you and others.”这句话的理解,然后引导学生通过回看文本,总结出短文的主题思想“自己才是最重要的”,最后再引导学生根据文章的主题思想进行进一步推理续写。
六、结语
综上所述,在带领学生进行读后续写时,一方面,教师要引导学生反复阅读原文,多给学生提供深入探知文本的机会,以此深化学生对文本的理解,使学生能够在聚焦文本表达要点的前提下,生成对文本的多元认知,由此及彼地理解文意,找出文本的关键词句,从而为学生顺利完成读后续写打下基础。另一方面,教师要引导学生主动参与到文本的品读和感悟中,启发学生从多角度对文本进行解读和切入,从而发散学生的思维,拓展学生的视野,使学生的书面表达更具深度和广度,让学生的读后续写更加精彩纷呈。
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From Here to There: the "Key Points" of Written Expression of Thinking in College Entrance Examination English
Lin Li
(Jiangsu Rudong Senior High School, Rudong 226400, China)
Abstract: Writing after reading is a new written expression examination content in college entrance examination English. Writing after reading requires students to find out the core points of the text on the basis of accurate understanding of the text, and continue to write a short article with logical connection, plot and structure in combination with the given paragraph beginning and key words. This paper takes the continuous writing after reading to express the flexible use of thinking as the discussion point, discusses the combination of students' text reading and writing needs, and guides students to find the entry point and divergence point of the given text by using the methods of key point excerpt, core vocabulary reflection, joint reading of front and back sentences, sentence sorting and back reading, so as to improve students' written expression ability.
Key words: senior middle school English; written expression; write after reading; read; thinking