江苏省南京市江宁开发区学校 雷 婷
在课堂教学中,追问是指教师在学生回答问题后,根据学生的回答,进行“二次提问”,从而激活学生思维,引发学生深层次的思考,培养学生的思维品质。在当下的英语课堂中,师生对话存在很多流于形式、浮于表面的现象。笔者认为在这样无情境的对话中进行的追问属于无效追问。那么,在英语课堂中,教师该如何进行有效追问呢?
英语课堂本质上是师生交流的过程。教师只有在紧扣教学内容的对话中对学生进行有效追问,才能激发学生对教学内容的进一步思考,从而使学生更深入地理解所学内容。下面是一位教师在教学译林版牛津小学英语 5A Unit 9Shapes时的教学片段:
T:Boys and girls, look around us. What shape is our English book?
Ss:It’ s a rectangle.
T:Yes. What is a rectangle too?(追问一)
S1:The blackboard.
T:Good. What other shapes can you find here?(追问二)
S1:I can find a circle.
T:Yes. The clock on the wall is a circle. Try to think what are circles in our life?(追问三)
S1:The sun is a circle.
T:What other shapes can we find in our life?(追问四)
S1:We can find square、triangle、diamond and so on.
T:Great! Boys and girls, different things have different shapes. We can find shapes everywhere in our life.
在英语课堂中,教师应该根据教学需要利用各种资源创设真实语境。只有在真实语境中,教师的追问才能有意义和价值,从而让学生真正学会用英语去思考,用英语去做事。
在译林版牛津小学英语 3B Unit 3Is this your pencil?的Story time板块的教学中,教师为了让学生能正确用句型Is this/that…?询问物主,设计了一个失物招领(Lost and Found)的活动,引导学生进行对话。
T:Boys and girls. Here are some lost pencils. (拿 出一支铅笔)Whose pencil is this?(走向一位学生)Hi, LiuMing! Is this your pencil?
S1:No, it isn’t.
T:Did you lose your pencil?(追问一)
S1:Yes.
T:What color is your lost pencil?(追问二)
S1:It’s yellow.
T:Is this your pencil?(拿出黄色的铅笔,追问三)
S1:No, it isn’t. My pencil is long.
T:A long yellow pencil. Is this your pencil?(追问四)
S1:Yes,it is.
教师创设的语境与学生的实际生活有紧密联系,有情有境,非常真实,师生之间有话可说,言之有物。
在英语课堂中,教师要根据学生不同的回答情况进行适时恰当的追问引导,充分激活学生的思维,提高学生的思维能力。下面是一位教师的课堂教学片段。
T:Boys and girls, this lesson we are going to learn unit6 planning for the weekend (part A).So, can you guess what are we going to do in this lesson?
S1:We are going to read dialogues.
T:What dialogues are we going to read?(追问一)
S1:We are going to read dialogues about unit6.
T:You are right. What else are we going to do?(追问二)
S2:Maybe we are going to do some exercises.
T:What kind of exercises do you think are we going to do?(追问三)
S2:Maybe we are going to write some words.
T:Are we going to listen to some dialogues?(追问四)
S2:Yes.
叶圣陶先生曾说过:“教师为之教,不在全盘授予,而是在于相机诱导。”教师在对话一开始时就在真实语境中抛出问题,引发学生思考。在学生给出答案后,对话没有戛然而止,而是由教师适当地进行深层次的追问,引发学生的再次思考,使学生更加深刻地理解他们所学的知识。
1.平淡处追问——环环相扣,延续话轮
观当下的小学英语课堂,师生之间的对话很多,但多数都是由教师提出一些展示性的问题,学生只要回答Yes或者No,没有任何意义。师生之间的话轮通常很短,对学生思维的改善,语言的丰富没有多少价值。倘若教师能在学生看似平常的回答中找到可以发散的点,把握契机进行追问,教师环环相扣的追问能够帮助学生不断地用英语去思考,激活学生的思维,丰富语言,从而延长师生之间的话轮。
T:What day is it today?
Ss:Today is Monday.
T:Yes. It’s a new week. How were you last weekend?
S1:It was fun.
T:What did you do?
S1:I flew a kite.
T:Where did you fly the kite?(追问一)
S1:I flew the kite in the park.
T:Who did you go with?(追问二)
S1:I went with my friend.
T:What kite did you fly?(追问三)
S1:I flew a butterfly kite
T:Did you have a good time there?(追问四)
S1:Yes,I did.
2.细节处追问——抽丝剥茧,拓展深度
在课堂教学中,教师经常会忽略一些细节问题,这往往会导致课堂教学质量不高。因此,教师要关注到课堂上的一些小细节,捕捉有价值的细节问题步步追问,拓展深度,焕发出课堂的活力。例如,在教学译林版牛津小学英语6B Unit 6planning for the weekend时,授课教师在Free talk时的教学片段:
T:Boys and girls, today is Friday. So weekend is coming.What are you going to do at the weekend?Do you have any plans?
S1:I don’t like weekends.
T:Why?
S1:My parents have planned many lessons for me at the weekends.
T:How do you think of your weekend?(追问一)
S1:It’s very boring.
T:You must be tired. If you can plan your weekend by yourself, what are you going to do?(追问二)
S1:I am going to play football with my friends. I am going to draw in the park. I am going to ride bikes with my sister and so on.
T:Are you going to have any lessons at the weekend?(追问四)
S1:Yes. I am going to have a swimming lesson at the weekend. I love swimming.
T:I think you can communicate with your parents. I hope you can have a happy weekend.
S1:Thank you.
显然学生回答“I don’t like weekends”,这和教师预设的答案不一样,教师的四次追问,不仅发掘出了有价值的信息,也让学生的情感得到了释放,这才是真正有生命力的课堂。
3.错误处追问——和风细雨,纠错无痕
在语言学习中,学生们在开口说英语时经常会犯各种各样的错误,但教师以什么样的方式对待学生的错误至关重要。教师应该能在学生犯错时做出快速的反应,在错误处进行暗示性追问,把握追问的时机,引导学生自己去发现错误,这样既不会打击学生的学习积极性,也能使师生对话完整、流畅。例如,教师在课堂导入时和学生的对话如下:
T:Who loves to travel?
S1:I loves to travel. (学生在回答时出现了语法错误)
T:How about your mother? Does your mother love to travel?(追问一)
S1:Yes. She loves to travel.
T:Your mother loves to travel. You love to travel. Right? (暗示性的追问二)
S1:Yes. I love to travel. (学生意识到自己的错误改正了过来)
T:Me too. I love to travel too.
在上面的案例中,教师的高明之处就在于没有直接打断学生的错误给出正确答案,而是通过两次暗示性的追问,引导学生自己发现了错误并进行自我纠正。这样,不仅纠正了学生的错误,同时也不会挫伤学生的学习积极性,可谓一举多得。
4.留白处追问——拓展延伸,生成精彩
在译林版牛津小学英语的阅读材料中有不少留白,教师可以充分发掘这一教材资源,适时追问,激发学生的想象力,促成拓展延伸。例如,在教学4B Unit 4Drawing in the park的Story time板块时,笔者在即将下课时与学生做了如下对话。
T:Mike and Tim draw pictures in the park. We know that Tim can draw trees and flowers very well, but he can’t draw the boat well. It’s difficult for him. What can Mike draw?Can you guess?(追问一)
S1:He can draw trees and flowers too.
T:How do you know?(追问二)
S1:He’s Tim’s brother. Tim can draw them well.
T:Sounds reasonable. Can he only draw flowers and trees?(追问三)
S2:He can draw a boat on the river.
T:What else?(追问四)
S2:He can draw some hills.
T:Can you draw these things?(追问六)
S2:It’s difficult, but I can try.
本篇小故事围绕Mike和Tim在公园画画展开,文中只提到了Tim会画什么,不会画什么,没有提到Mike。因此,笔者抓住了这一留白处,在课堂快结束时,有针对性地对学生进行追问,引发学生进行深度思考,激发学生语言表达的自主性,生成真实精彩的课堂。
总之,有效的课堂追问是一门值得探究的学问。教师在课堂上应该要具有追问的意识,并且具备追问的能力,运体现的是教师的教学机智和课堂驾驭能力。因此,教师在课堂上应树立追问意识,用心聆听,把握追问契机,灵活运用追问激活、深化和提升学生的思维,生成真实、灵动、精彩的课堂。