Abstracts

03

China

’

s

Party-Based

Diplomacy

Towards

the

Arab

Countries

Abstract

The all-round cooperation between China and Arab countries relies on various means such as government diplomacy, party diplomacy, public diplomacy and non-government diplomacy. China’s party diplomacy towards the Arab countries is characterized by mechanism coordination, with the International Department of the CPC Central Committee as the main body, and with the political parties, organizations, leaders, media and think tanks in Arab countries as the objects. China’s party diplomacy includes the holding of dialogues between Chinese and Arab political parties, signing memoranda of cooperation between political parties, holding workshops, and promoting mutual visits between party leaders and youth. China’s party diplomacy towards the Arab countries is an integral part of the great power diplomacy with Chinese characteristics. It promotes the exchange of political mutual trust and governance experiences, and also the “Belt and Road” Initiative and people-to-people exchanges. It has safeguarded China’s sovereignty, security and development interests, promoted the cause of Arab peace and development, and fostered South-South cooperation.

Key

Words

China-Arab Relations; Party-Based Diplomacy; Arab Parties; Inter-Party Relations; South-South Cooperation

Authors

SUN Degang, Ph.D., Research Fellow, Institute of International Studies, Fudan University; WU Tongyu, Ph.D. Candidate, School of International Relations and Public Affairs and Middle East Studies Institute, Shanghai International Studies University.

25

Educational

Reform

in

the

Period

of

Muhammad

Ali

in

Egypt

Abstract

The colonial expansion of Western countries caused the decline of traditional Islamic education in Egypt. Muhammad Ali’s demand for large-scale reforms and the introduction of advanced Western ideology and culture, and other internal and external factors, constituted the main motivations for Egyptian education reform during Muhammad Ali’s period. The key contents of the educational reform were to create various professional schools and secular schools, and send government-funded students to European countries. The educational reform was characterized by the “inverted pyramid” structure, pragmatism, the elite-education model and religious education’s preservation. The effects of educational reform were as follows: Firstly, the monopoly of traditional Islamic education in Egypt has been broken, and an educational pattern in which secular education and religious education coexist in Egypt has gradually formed. Secondly, the prosperity of Egyptian culture and the ideological emancipation of Egyptian society have been promoted. Thirdly, the development of modern Egypt’s industry was facilitated. Fourthly, practical talents were cultivated, and the smooth implementation of reforms in other fields was also ensured. Moreover, many educational concepts, such as elites going overseas to study, have been carried forward even to this day. In conclusion, although the educational reform opened the way to Egypt’s modern education, its purpose was to maintain Muhammad Ali’s his own rule, and overall it lacked long-term planning.

Key

Words

Egypt; Muhammad Ali; Educational Reform; Education Mo￣der￣niza￣tion

Authors

CHEN Tianshe, Ph.D., Professor, History of School, Zhengzhou University; CHANG Xiaodong, Master Candidate, History of School, Zheng￣zhou University.

42

The

Political

Role

and

Contemporary

Influence

of

Sudanese

Communist

Party

Abstract

Sudanese Communist Party is an important part of the international communist movement and Arab world communist movement. It built its local communism theory based on Sudan’s reality and showed strong independence and local characteristics. Since its founding, the party’s political role in Sudan’s political arena has continued to evolve. It played a leading role in early stage of national revolution, a major role in regulating military dictatorship, opposing conservative forces and advancing democratic process after independence. During Bashir’s rule, the party was increasingly marginalized and its influence on policy decisions declined sharply. Since the changes in Sudan in 2018, the party has been obviously weak in dealing with opposition forces, it has declined in armed opposition to dictatorship and has been unable to influence foreign relations. However, it has served as a glue for mobilizing people and providing Sudanese parties and political movements with a model for mass mobilization and political initiatives.

Key

Words

Sudanese Communist Party; Sudanese Movement for National Liberation; Modern Secular Parties; Changes in Sudan

Author

FU Haina, Ph.D, Lecturer, Center for Sudanese Studies, Yangzhou University.

62

Turkey

’

s

Party

System

and

the

Construction

of

Its

National

Capacity

Abstract

There is a profound relationship between the evolution of political parties and the construction of national capacity in Turkey in the past century. During Kemal’s rule, the Republican People’s Party, as a legal tool, laid the foundation for authoritarian rule. However, the radical reform is difficult to penetrate into the rural areas of the traditional Islamic order, led to the separation of the state and society. In 1946, Turkey’s multi-party system has expanded political participation and promoted the democratization process, the alternation of civil government and military government made the political parties to enhance the absorption and integration of social forces. In 2002, in the party governance system with AK as the core, the “center-periphery” model relationship was bridged and the political power system was reconstructed. The political reconstruction capability of Turkish political parties shows that the development of party politics has profoundly affected Turkey’s political diversification and democratization of the political system, as well as the construction of national capabilities.

Key

Words

Turkey; Party System; National Capacity; Justice and Develop￣ment Party; Political Reconstruction Capacity

Author

ZHAO Juanjuan, Ph.D. Candidate, School of International Studies, Renmin University of China.

83

Turkey

’

s

“

Enterprising

”

Peripheral

Diplomacy

:

Connotation

,

Goals

and

Prospect

Abstract

Since the upheavals in the Middle East, Turkey’s “Enterprising” diplomatic arena mainly focuses on the surrounding areas with the Middle East as the core, which has manifested in its humanitarian diplomacy and on-the-ground intervention. The main goal of “enterprising” peripheral diplomacy is to ensure the stability of Erdogan’s regime and his re-election, trying to turn Turkey from a traditional “bridge state” into a global country, vying for the leadership of Sunni Muslims. In practice, the “enterprising” peripheral diplomacy has achieved certain results, but also encountered with widespread questioning and severe criticism from home and abroad. In the future, “enterprising” peripheral diplomacy is not only confronted with internal difficulties such as Turkey’s economic recession under the impact of COVID-19 pandemic, the political crisis brought by authoritarianism and the Kurdish problem, but also faced with external pressures such as turbulence in the surrounding region, the restriction of foreign powers and the hostility of the Arab world.

Key

Words

Turkey；Enterprising; Peripheral Diplomacy; Upheavals in the Middle East; AKP

Author

YAO Qiongyao, Ph. D., Lecturer, School of Marxism, North China In￣stitute of Aerospace Engineering.

101

The

Evolution

of

Israeli

Scientific

Management

System

and

its

Features

Abstract

Israel is an internationally recognized power of science and technology, and a relatively complete scientific research management system is one of the important factors of its scientific and technological progress. Since the establishment of the Scientific Council of Israel in 1949, Israel’s scientific research management institutions have undergone a range of evolution, and the management system has been constantly improving. The establishment of the chief scientist system and the promulgation of

The

Encouragement

of

Industrial

Research

and

Development

Law

provided beneficial guarantee for Israel’s scientific and technological development, thus making it finally form a scientific and technological policy operation mode integrating science, engineering, technology and innovation. On the whole, the reason why Israel’s scientific research management system can keep healthy operation benefits from a series of factors including the government’s role in place, strong mechanism guarantee and clear responsibility sharing and income mechanism,. On the one hand, the Israeli scientific research management system presents the characteristics of timely change, government-led and perfect policies. On the other hand, it is also facing urgent problems such as weakening of its comparative advantage, worries about politics and security and stability, etc.

Key

Words

Israel; Scientific Management; Scientific and Technological Policy Operation Mode

Author

LI Yemeng, Lecturer, The Department of History, East China University Normal University.

119

Autonomy

of

African

Countries

’

Think

Tanks

and

China-Africa

Think

Tank

Exchanges

Abstract

Due to the dependence on Western financial aid, the deep influence of Western thoughts, the vulnerability to changes in the domestic political situation, the lack of policy formulation and personnel interaction between think tanks and the government, and the unclear positioning, the influence of African think tanks on their governments and society is restricted. As African think tanks increase their sense of autonomy, their partners and research topics have shown a trend of “looking east”. China should seize the opportunity to further help African countries consolidate the mechanism and capacity building of think tanks and help them increase their influence on national and regional policies and public opinion, and shape a diversified and rational international discourse on Sino-African relations.

Key

Words

African Countries’ Think Tanks; Autonomy; China-Africa Think Tank Exchanges

Author

ZHOU Jinyan, Assistant Professor, Shanghai Academy of Global Governance & Area Studies, Shanghai International Studies University.

139

Intervention

,

Elites

Habitus

and

the

Afghanistan

State-building

Dilemma

Abstract

The dilemma of Afghanistan is an important component of international security issues. The spillover effects of violence in Afghanistan have largely affected regional and global security and order. The political turmoil in Afghanistan has continued since the 1970s, and the key to achieving political stability in Afghanistan lies in the completion of the construction of a modern national political system. The nation-building of Afghanistan is a complex game process between global forces, regional forces and unique domestic social and cultural forces. Through the reinterpretation of field theory and process analysis, this article believes that in the historical process of the construction of the Afghanistan, its political structure contains a variety of internal and external competitive forces. These competitive forces have created the fragmented political structure of Afghanistan in the course of multiple interactions. And the special combination type formed between political structure, elite habituation and external intervention is the fundamental reason for the difficult and unique Afghan state-building process. In practice, the combination of the fragility of Afghanistan’s political structure and frequent external intervention has made it difficult for Afghanistan to form a stable political order for a long time.

Key

Words

State-building; Afghanistan; Political Structure; Elites’ Habitus; Outer Intervention

Author

CHE Ke, Ph. D. Candidate, Renmin University of China; XING Ruilei, Ph. D., Associated Professor, School of Political Science and Public Ad￣mi￣ni￣stration, Wuhan University.