郭丽娜 刘均英 彭万忠 姜洋 王爱丽 郭学敏
[摘要]目的:探討动脉置管监测血压在面部整形美容局麻手术中的应用价值。方法:2016年11月-2019年3月选择在笔者医院进行面部整形美容局麻手术患者78例,根据随机数字表法分为观察组与对照组各39例。所有患者都给予局麻手术,对照组给予袖带法监测血压;观察组给予动脉置管监测血压,同时在术中15min也给予了袖带法测量血压。记录两组监测血压的效果。结果:两组患者术前即刻、术中15min与术后即刻的收缩压、舒张压在组内与组间比较差异都无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在观察组中,动脉置管与袖带法监测血压的误差都在±5.0mmHg,属于可信区间误差范围内。观察组术后3d的疼痛分级与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对照组在血压监测中未出现任何并发症,观察组出现1例血肿与1例感染,发生率为5.1%,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:动脉置管监测血压在面部整形美容局麻手术中的应用依然具有很好的可靠性与安全性,能追踪围手术期血压的变化,为保障患者的手术安全提供参考。
[关键词]动脉置管;血压监测;面部整形美容;局部麻醉
[中图分类号]R622 [文献标志码]A [文章编号]1008-6455(2021)04-0098-03
Application of Arterial Catheter Monitoring Blood Pressure in Patients with Facial Plastic Surgery Under Local Anesthesia
GUO Li-na1,LIU Jun-ying2,PENG Wan-zhong2,JIANG Yang2,WANG Ai-li2,GUO Xue-min2
(1.Department of Medical Plastic and Cosmetic;2.Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular,Cangzhou Central Hospital,Cangzhou 061000,Hebei,China)
Abstract: Objective To investigate the values of arterial catheter monitoring of blood pressure in patients with facial plastic surgery under local anesthesia. Methods From November 2016 to March 2019, 78 patients with facial plastic surgery and local anesthesia were selected from our hospital and were equally divided into the observation group and the control group accorded to the random number table method. All patients were given local anesthesia, the control group were given cuff method to monitor blood pressure; the observation group were given arterial catheter to monitor blood pressure, and the cuff method were also used to measure blood pressure at intraoperative 15 minutes. The effects of monitoring blood pressure were recorded in both groups. Results There were no significant differences in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the two groups immediately before surgery, 1intraoperative 15 minutes, and immediately after surgery (P>0.05). In the observation group, the error of monitoring the blood pressure by the arterial catheter and the cuff method were between ±5.0mmHg, which were within the range of the confidence interval error. There were no significant difference in the pain grading compared between the observation group and the control group at 3 days after operation (P>0.05). There were no complication in the blood pressure monitoring in the control group. There were one patient of hematoma and one patient of infection in the observation group, the incidence rates were 5.1%, and there were no significant difference compared between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion The application of arterial catheter monitoring blood pressure in patients with facial plastic surgery and local anesthesia is still very reliable and safe. It can track the perioperative blood pressure and provide reference for the safety of patients.
Key words: arterial catheter; blood pressure monitoring; facial plastic surgery; local anesthesia
随着生活水平的不断提高,我国人民群众对美丽的追求也日渐突出。而我国很多医院也广泛开展了面部整形美容,多数在麻醉下进行手术[1]。不过由于各种因素的影响,患者在手术过程中会产生难以忍耐的剧烈疼痛,且伴随有血压波动,从而严重影响手术效果[2-3]。在传统的血压监测中,多采用间隔的袖带法测量血压(NIBP),然而此种方法无法对血压进行连续测量,导致测得血流动力学变化情况无法精准反映机体的变化[4-6]。动脉穿刺置管连续有创血压(IAP)监测为一种有创监测,具有连续、无创、简单和灵敏度高的特点,但是可导致血肿等并发症,另外麻醉医师需要非常了解置管技术,并且熟练掌握使用方法[7-9]。本文具体探讨了动脉置管监测血压在面部整形美容局麻手术中的应用,希望充分发挥连续有创血压监护在局麻手术中的重要作用,也希望能够制订一个严格连续有创血压监护体系。总结报道如下。
1 资料和方法
1.1 研究对象:本研究得到医院伦理委员会批准,患者均签署知情同意书。2016年11月-2019年3月选择在笔者医院进行面部整形美容局麻手术患者78例,纳入标准:生命体征平稳;ASA分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,年龄20~60岁,性别不限;择期手术;需要动脉置管持续有创血压监测的指征。排除标准:既往有动静脉瘘病史患者;术前访视不依从及术后失访者;有精神疾病、酗酒史、语言障碍患者;药物依赖患者。
根据随机数字表法分为观察组与对照组各39例,两组患者的ASA分级、入院到手术时间、手术部位、体重指数、性别、年龄等比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。
1.2 血压监测方法:所有患者均给予局麻手术,并且术前都未用药,进入手术室后开放外周静脉通路,常规监测生命体征。对照组:给予袖带法监测血压。观察组:给予动脉置管监测血压,采用桡动脉穿刺置管。患者如果是俯卧位或者仰卧位的调节有创血压换能器于腋中线水平,侧卧位于颅中线水平。观察组同时在术中15min也给予了袖带法测量血压,以判定血压监测的误差性。两组都采用0.5%利多卡因局部浸润进行麻醉,术中测定收缩压≥180mmHg时,给予1mg酚妥拉明;当收缩压≤80mmHg时,给予50?g去氧肾上腺素。
1.3 观察指标:①在术前即刻、术中15min与术后即刻记录患者的收缩压与舒张压水平,同时分析两种方法在术中15min测定血压之间差值的均数,评价两种测量方法结果的一致性;②在术后3d依据WHO疼痛程度分级标准进行疼痛评定,Ⅲ级:剧烈疼痛;Ⅱ级:疼痛显著仍可忍受;Ⅰ级:轻微疼痛可忍受;0级:无疼或稍感不适;③记录两组在麻醉期间出现的血栓、动静脉瘘、血肿、感染等并发症情况。
1.4 统计学分析:数据统计分析应用SPSS 19.00软件,通过例数或百分比表示计数资料,均数±标准差来表示正态分布的计量资料,中位数来表示非正态资料,计量资料的对比为t检验或重复测量设计的方差分析,计数资料的对比行χ2检验,检验水准为α=0.05。
2 结果
2.1 两组不同时间点收缩压与舒张压比较:两组患者术前即刻、术中15min与术后即刻的收缩压、舒张压在组内与组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
2.2 观察组不同方法监测血压一致性分析:在观察组中,动脉置管与袖带法监测血压的误差都在±5.0mmHg,属于可信区间误差范围内。
2.3 两组疼痛情况比较:观察组术后3d的疼痛分级与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
2.4 两组并发症发生情况比较:对照组在血压监测中未出现任何并发症,观察组出现1例血肿与1例感染,发生率为5.1%,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
3 讨论
颜面部为人体最暴露部位,由于内在与外在因素的影响,当前面部整形美容人数在我国逐年增加[10]。由于整形效果直接关系到人的五官和容貌,所以在手术中也密切监测患者的生命体征,对于危及生命的各种损伤,术前一定要进行相应的处理或排除,避免无法及时救助而导致严重后果[11-12]。局麻为当前美容外科的主要麻醉方法,但是面部表情丰富,血液循环丰富,组织结构精细,局部麻醉处理不当也容易引起器官萎缩、变形,为此也需要加强血压监测[13-14]。
当前理想的血压监测技术不仅可提供能够重复、精准的测量,而且还可方便使用,并且达到无创的效果,提供给临床有价值的数据资料[15]。袖带法监测血压满足了在避免动脉置管造成创伤的情况下监测动脉血压的要求,但是为一种间接监测血压,误差比较大[16]。且袖带长时间的充气压力可能导致患者皮肤和神经的损伤,测定的参考值需要长期标定,对于极高或极低的血压不能给出准确的测量值。动脉置管监测血压既可连续实时监测血压数值又可实时显示血压波形,可记录全部患者的压力波形、血压情况,是实施手术麻醉时主要的血压监测手段[17-18]。特别是当前的动脉置管技术可帮助监测设备准确定位在桡动脉表面,能够记录患者数据及动脉血压波形和数值[19]。本研究显示两组患者术前即刻、术中15min与术后即刻的收缩压、舒张压在组内与组间比较差异都无统计学意义(P>0.05);在观察组中,动脉置管与袖带法监测血压的误差都在±5.0mmHg,属于可信区间误差范围内。表明动脉置管与袖带法监测血压的一致性较为良好,特别是在控制性降压患者中动脉置管的使用具有显著优势,主要体现在准确性较好方面[20]。
局麻整形美容手术多在患者清醒状态下进行,单靠手术治疗而忽视麻醉因素是很难持续改善患者的预后[21]。特别是对于合并基础疾病的患者在手术时,不仅需要确保血流灌注达到一定的标准,而且还要避免出现血压波动的现象,从而导致心肌缺血,所以需要对围手术期血压情况进行检测。特别是血压是麻醉的一项基本监测内容,能够一定程度上反映出麻醉深度以及输血输液的使用[22]。本研究显示观察组术后3d的疼痛分级与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);对照组在血压监测中未出现任何并发症,观察组出现1例血肿与1例感染,发生率为5.1%,组间对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),表明动脉置管监测血压并不会影响患者的疼痛与增加并发症的发生。不过在具体点的置管操作过程中,患者腕部活动时桡动脉置管的位置会随之改变,对血压波形产生影响,为此可根据患者情况选择不同的置管部位。要积极采用生理盐水进行管道冲洗,最大限度地避免血管堵塞的发生[23]。确保连接管稳固,保证留置针管与連接管道间没有折叠现象。注意患者体位变更时,传感器调整至相应的位置,也需重新调整至零点[24]。在进行测量前应进行仪器校零,术中及时执行急救医嘱,能够熟练使用监护仪器;测压管道、动脉导管要稳定固定,防止脱落、弯折、受压、扭曲,保证输液加压器处于正常压力范围,注意观察和汇报血压波形及数值变化,术后及时记录监护相关信息建立记录档案[25]。应用后采用肝素化生理盐水持续冲洗动脉导管,防止堵塞。不过本研究有一定的不足,动脉置管监测血压毕竟为一种有创性监测方式,其精确性和在血压快速变化时的反应性还有待提高。
總之,动脉置管监测血压在面部整形美容局麻手术中的应用依然具有很好的可靠性与安全性,能追踪围手术期血压的变化,为保障患者的手术安全提供参考。
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[收稿日期]2019-09-10
本文引用格式:郭丽娜,刘均英,彭万忠,等.动脉置管监测血压在面部整形美容局麻手术中的应用[J].中国美容医学,2021,30(4):98-101.