本期英文提要（ABSTRACTS）

ABSTRACTS

How did the New Form of Human Civilization Generate——From the Perspective of Organizational

Yan Jingfeng

（School of Marxism，Zhejiang Financial College，Hangzhou 310018）

（4）

Abstract：General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that socialism with Chinese characteristics has created a new form of human civilization.To clarify this important judgment，we must first figure out what civilization is.However，the concepts of “culture” and “civilization” have been vague and entangled for a long time.Through the retrospection of the history of human evolution，this paper holds that culture is the way of human communication and organization，civilization is the inherent positive value precipitated in the process of cultural evolution，and culture with high efficiency of communication and organization forms the main connotation of civilization.Throughout the century of the party’s founding，the Communist Party of China has organized the broadest masses of the people，and formed a powerful organizational force that has pushed China to stand up，become rich，and grow strong.It has created a Chinese-style road of modernization，created a new way of human communication and organization，and contains a new form of human civilization.

Key words：culture； civilization； the new form of human civilization； organization； one hundred years since the founding of the CPC

Escaping “Middle-income Trap”： Based on the Test of Convergence Club and the Cross-country Analysis on the TFP Promotion Path

Liu Jinquan1，Zhang Yunfeng2，Wang Qiaoru3

（1&2.Business School of Jilin University，Changchun 130021； 3.School of Economics and Management，Nanchang University，Nanchang 330031）

（12）

Abstract：By means of a nonlinear time-varying factor model，we first analyze the “club convergence”in 136 countries including China from 1980 to 2017，and then describe the “middle-income trap” from the perspective of convergence.The results show that the “middle-income trap” is indeed a “local steady state”in the short term，but it is unstable in the long term，and there are many possibilities to break away from it；only with the corresponding conditions can it successfully cross the trap，otherwise it can only converge to the middle income level，and the increase of total factor productivity is the key to convergence of countries to the high income level.In view of this，this paper further explores the improvement path of total factor productivity through the Technology Frontier Convergence Model，and finds that this path can be divided into three phases.In the low-income phase，TFP can be upgraded through technical imitation to achieve “club convergence” in the first stage.In the phase of the transition from low-income to middle-income，it is necessary to make use of technological imitation and technology spillovers brought by the improvement of global technology boundary to stimulate TFP.While in the phase of the transition from middle-income to high-income，it is necessary to improve the ability of independent innovation.As we can see that China is currently in the third stage of economic development，it is very important to strengthen innovation and optimize industrial structure

Key words：economic growth； middle-income trap； economic growth convergence； club convergence；total factor productivity

Does the Housing Finance Macro-prudential Policy Restrainthe Systemic Risk of Real Estate Market?

Ke Konglin，Song Yue

（School of Finance，Zhejiang Gongshang University，Hangzhou 310018）

（27）

Abstract：In order to measure the systemic risk in Chinese real estate market，this paper firstly includes the responsive fluctuation of stock market towards Chinese house price into the Marginal Expected Shortfall model，then uses the quarterly city-level data of 53 Chinese cities during 2009～2018 to prove it，and on this basis，examines the impact of housing finance macro-prudential policies on the systemic risks of the real estate market，and further studies the impact of local government fiscal pressure and economic growth pressure on the effect of housing finance macro-prudential policies.The research shows that the tightening housing finance macro-prudential policy can effectively restrain the systemic risk of the real estate market，which has a significant lag effect.When the local government is confronted with more financial pressure and economic growth pressure，they lack incentives to regulate land prices and housing prices，which will weaken the regulatory effect of housing finance macro-prudential policy.The above effect is more significant in first-tier and second-tier cities.The policy implication is that the regulating departments should further enrich the housing finance macro-prudential policy toolbox，incorporate housing price growth into the central government’s assessment system for local governments，and prevent systemic risks in the real estate market from both sides of supply and demand.

Key words：macro-prudential policy； real estate market； systemic risk

Identity Politics and Public Policy Response：The Origin of Affirmative Action in Brazi

Wang Liping，Zhong Dian

（School of Government，Peking University，Beijing 100871）

（37）

Abstract：Affirmative action is a frequent policy response to social disparities in different countries around the world.Such policy design and practice not only interest but also puzzle policy practitioners and academia.Based on an analytic narrative tracing the origin of affirmative policy in Brazil，the paper reveals that the disillusion of “racial democracy” in Brazil gave way to the rise of identity politics，which triggered the transition of Brazil’s racial policy—the affirmative policy became a preferential alternative.The paper further demonstrates that affirmative action has gained new momentum and justification from the discourse and mindset of identity politics，which partly accounts for why affirmative action is enduring and expanding despite insufficient supportive evidence and increasing doubts or even opposition.

Key words：Brazil； plural society； identity politics； public policy； affirmative action（policy）

Policy Innovation and Enactment Failure——Analysis base on the Talents-attracting Battle

Zhao Quanjun1，Wang Wei2，Ji Hao3

（1.Law Schoo； 2&3.Business School，Ningbo University，Ningbo 315211）

（45）

Abstract：In recent years，China has developed more and more regional competition for talents，and a new round of “Talents-attracting Battle”is booming up.This round of battle for talents is carried out based on the enactment and implementation of “new talent policy”，with the process in which talent policy innovation is diffused as its essence.In this process，there emerges a series of deviations when “new talent policy” enacted by some regional governments，representing enactment failure such as segmented policy design，homogeneous policy content，and superficial policy innovation3.Following the perspective of system analysis，there are three main institutional antecedents that lead to enactment failure，including： structural friction in organizational collaboration，homogeneity of demand and approach in regional competition，and subcontract dilemma in longitudinal agent.Based on the unique attributes of public policy process in China，strategies including high level promotion，informal governance，and policy dialogue can be innovatively utilized to promote effective governance on talent enactment failure.

Key words：talents； talents-attracting battle； talent policy； policy innovation； enactment failure

The Construction of Judicial Expectation and Its Rational Restriction

Li An

（Zhejiang International Studies University，Hangzhou 310023）

（53）

Abstract：Judicial expectation is an important channel of meaning communication between judicial system，political system and public opinion system.It is also an indispensable conceptual tool for constructing the legal theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics.Justice and expectation can be linked in the context of meaning since the judicial system constructs and uses meaning which supports expectation.Judicial expectation is a binary structure that includes justice and expectation，which belong to the system of law and consciousness，and has the dual effects of cognition and norm.According to the ideal attitude towards the expected result of justice，if we change the cognition and adjust the disappointment encountered by the expectation，it can become the cognitive mechanism of justice to alleviate the disappointment.If we abide by the norms and adhere to the previous expectations，it will be expressed as normative expectations，which will help to resist arbitrariness in the judicial process.In order to ensure the stability of judicial expectation，it is essential to regulate and restrict it.

Key words：judicial decision； judicial expectations； meaning construction； legalthinking

On Lawyers’Emotional Thinking

Yang Bei

（Law School，University of International Business and Economics，Beijing 100029）

（61）

Abstract：Cognitive science has disproved the dichotomy of reason and emotion，but this dichotomy still confines legal thinking，deterring lawyers from knowing and using emotional thinking，thus gives rise to or deepen social cognitive break.It shows in legal practices in ancient and modern world，that emotional thinking is a both necessary and important legal thinking.Based on research achievements of cognitive science，lawyers’ emotional thinking may have three implications： first，to make intuitive judgements out of emotion； second，to justify legal judgements on basis of emotion； third，to persuade people by mobilizing emotions.In modern society，where there are more and more diverse value judgements，emotional thinking plays a vital role in intensifying legitimate basis of law，patching up cognitive differences，promoting social acceptance and strengthening authority of law.

Key words：legal thinking； emotional thinking； rationalism； cognitive science

The Normative Construction of E-Commerce Platform Operator’s Obligation of Protection

Lu Qing

（Guanghua Law School，Zhejiang University，Hangzhou 310008）

（70）

Abstract：As the special norms of e-commerce platform operator’s obligation of protection corresponding to the general norms stipulated by Article 18（2） of the Law on the Protection of the Consumer Rights and Interests and Article 37（1）（2） of the Tort law（Article 1198 of the Civil Code），Article 38（2） of the E-commerce Law is a significant institution reformation that current law extends the scope of the obligation of protection to the field of network transactions.E-commerce platform operator’s obligation of protection is only limited to maintaining the safety of the life and health of consumers in scope，therefore the standard of the maintaining duty is higher than the general monitoring and inspection duty deduced by the “should know” in Article 38（1） of the E-commerce Law.Although there are various particularities in the normative construction of Article 38（2） of the E-commerce Law，the norm can be interpreted as follows： in principle，in the case of direct violation of the obligation of protection，it shall be liable in accordance with Article 1198，co.1 of the Civil Code； whereas in the case of the intervention of a third party（including the operator inside the platform or the third party outside the platform），it shall bear the supplementary liability in accordance with Article 1198，co.2 of the Civil Code.

Key words：e-commerce，platform operator，obligation of protection，supplementary liability

A Study on the Fertility Intention of Only Children in China：Based on Intergenerational Transmission of Fertility

Yu Xiao，Liang Jianing

（Northeast Asian Studies Center，Jilin University，Changchun 130012）

（80）

Abstract：The current situation of low fertility level in China has been widely concerned by all sectors of society.Fertility level is an important issue related to the development of China’s economy，society and family.This paper focuses on the fertility intention of the only child in China，discusses the intergenerational transmission effect and mechanism of the low fertility in Chinese families，and provides a new theoretical explanation for the cause of the current low fertility level.The study found that 22.73% of the only children had a fertility intention of one or less.The fertility intention of the only children was significantly lower than that of the non-only children，who tended to maintain a low fertility pattern under the influence of their family of origin.The influence of only child status on fertility intention varies with gender，household registration and birth generation.The influence of only child status on female and rural only child is more significant，and presents an increasing trend with the passage of birth generation.This paper further verifies that family socialization and intergenerational transmission of social and economic status are the important forming mechanisms of low fertility intention of only children.

Key words：only child； fertility intention； intergenerational transmission； family of origin

Existential Anxiety： Multiple Logics of Modern Female Gender Identity——Based on CGSS 2015 Data Analysis

Yu Lanhua，Chen Yao

（School of Economics and Management，Zhejiang University of Science and Technology，Hangzhou 310023）

（90）

Abstract：As a kind of gender value judgment，gender identity determines the subject’s action track and degree of consciousness in daily life.The research shows that modern female gender identity is mainly oriented by gender division of labor，love and marriage tendency，and gender ability，showing a progressive trend of gender cognition from job difference to love and marriage role and then to behavioral expectation.According to the data analysis of CGSS 2015，influenced by regional，marital status，education level，political status and other factors，nearly half of modern women have low gender identity and obvious “existential”anxiety，and the underlying reason is that women are not confident in their own abilities.It is necessary to strengthen education，improve the environment，enhance the sense of responsibility and mission to improve women’s living conditions，forge their cultural quality and equal values，so as to achieve the goal of liberating people，developing and maintaining social order.

Key words：gender identity； existential anxiety； modern women

Existence，Grammar，and Easy Arguments：The Deflationary Ontology of Later Wittgenstein

Shao Shiheng

（School of Philosophy，Northwest University，Xi’an 710127）

（98）

Abstract：In the contemporary debates of analytic ontology，deflationism is favored by many philosophers.Based on textual evidences，we can find similar clues of deflationary ontology in later Wittgenstein’s thought.As one representative of contemporary deflationism，easy ontology continues the deflationary disposition and the opposition against traditional metaphysics from later Wittgenstein.Both advocates that existence is rooted in linguistic rules，but differs in their view of latter.While easy ontology looks upon the linguistic rules，or so called application conditions，as given and completed entities，the later Wittgenstein treats the rules of language games as dynamic and uncompleted.This difference in the view of grammar brings about the immunity of later Wittgenstein at the very beginning from the infinite regress，which is intractable for easy ontology.

Key words：existence； grammar； easy argument； later Wittgenstein

An Analysis of Cheng Yi’s Thought on the Jing-Quan under the Thought of“Respecting the King” in the Chun-Qiu Theory of the Northern Song Dynasty

Peng Peng

（School of Marxism，Zhejiang University，Hangzhou 310058）

（106）

Abstract：From the Han dynasty to the establishment of the Zhao-song dynasty，the Confucian scholars mostly agree with the judgment of “Zhai Zhong Knows the Quan” in the biography of the Gong Yang Zhuan，and take “the Quan is opposite to the Jing，then there is good” as the classic expression of the relationship between the Jing and the Quan.Under the guidance of the thought of respecting the King，the Confucians in the Northern Song Dynasty refuted the judgment of “Zhai Zhong Knows the Quan” in Gongyangzhuan，denied the classical status of Gongyangzhuan，and shook the classical basis of Confucian studies on the classics with Quan since the Han Dynasty.Following this trend，Cheng Yi opposed the view that “anti-Jing cooperation Dao is the Quan” ，advocated returning to “The analects” and “Mencius” ，reinterpreted the theory of Jing-Quan，put forward the view that “Quan is also the Jing”.His thought on the Jing-Quan is that political stand precedes theoretical argument，it changed the context in which the analects of Confucius，Mencius，and the Confucian scholars of the Han Dynasty discussed the issue of Jing-Quan.It avoids the discussion of Confucius’s exercise of use Quan recorded in the analects of Confucius and the examples of exercise of use Quan mentioned in Mencius.There’s a theoretical flaw.

Key words：Chun-qiu； Jing-quan； Gongyangzhuan； Cheng Yi；respecting the King

Between “Truth” and “Worldliness”： The Ideological Path and Motivation of Zhang Taiyan’s Criticism over Wang Yangming’s Theories

Peng Chuanhua

（Research Center of Philosophy and Chinese Studies，Ningbo University，Ningbo 315211）

（113）

Abstract：Adhering to an approach of evaluation from the dualistic perspective of “achievements” and“academics”，Zhang Taiyan made criticism over a variety of ancient and modern “established” studies at home and abroad，including WangYangming’s theories.Distinct from the dominant view of academic circles that “Zhang Taiyan’s attitude towards Wang’s theories presented a completely different look at different stages”，this paper argues that Zhang Taiyan generally disapproved of Wang’s theory in his whole life.According to the internal sequence of Zhang’s academic development，Zhang’s criticism on Wang’s theory can be divided into two periods.The specific thought process is as follows： in his early academic stage characterized by “changing from worldly achievements to seeking for truth”，Xi Shu·Wang Xue，from the perspective of scientism，criticized Wang’s theories for “the super simple argument” and “a lack of organization and logic”，and blamed its “self-esteeming conscience” for causing alienation from science.Based on the people-oriented doctrine，Qian Wang Shi criticized Wang’s theory since “it was a shallow study and it had few contributions”.Based on nationalism，Da Tie Zheng criticized Wang’s theories for “emphasizing self-opinion”.Drawing on principles of pragmatism，Jian Lun·Yi Wang criticized Wang’s theory for being useless in helping govern the country and manage the government and ridiculed Yang Ming as “an ordinary man of chivalrous spirit”，and pointed out that the flaw in Wang’s theory consisted in being “true and pertinent but partial”.In the late academic stage characterized by the transition “from seeking for truth to returning to worldliness”，Zhang Taiyan criticized Wang’s theory for “despising courtesy” and “advocating conspiracy”from the standpoint of Buddhism，and he argued that Wang’s theory of conscience was unable to explain the full meaning of life and death.He also questioned Wang’s theory of closing to people as a harmful ideology.On the whole，Zhang Taiyan disapproved of Wang’s theory all his life.Although he showed partial approval of Wang’s theory in his later years，he just viewed it as a need to “adapt to the mainstream ideology of the time”，which actually disobeyed his true will.Zhang Taiyan had different emphasis in his criticism of Wang’s theory in different periods，which just reflected Zhang’s thought transformation from academically focusing on “seeking for truth” to “worldly achievements”.

Key words：Zhang Taiyan； WangYangming’s theories； criticism； from worldly achievements to seeking for truth； from seeking for truth to returning to worldliness

The Loss of Center and the Possibility of Intermedia Art History Writing

Zhou Jiwu

（School of Arts，Nanjing University，Nanjing 210093）

（123）

Abstract：Hegelianism regards history as a combination of empirical facts and transcendental ideas，and is the logical expansion of the sacred spirit in time and space.Under the influence of Hegelianism，Hans Sedlmayr regarded the separation of art media as a mental symptom of modern people： the loss of the center.It means the death of God，the dehumanization of art，and the disintegration of integrated artworks.In contrast，Greenberg regards the separation of art media as the process of modern art’s pursuit of artistic purity.In the era of media convergence，Intermedia art history aims to rewrite the history of art and artistic concepts with the vision of art intermediality.

Key words：Hegelianism；loss of center；purity；medium specificity；intermediality；intermedia art history

Appleyness of Apple——D.H.Lawrence’s Opinion on Cezanne and Enlightenment on Intermedial Studies

Li Yong

（School of Humanities，Soochow University，Suzhou 215123）

（132）

Abstract：D.H.Lawrence considers that the most important achievement of Cezanne is he can paint the“appleyness of apple”，which represents the unique nature of the apple.Lawrence demonstrates that the uniqueness of Cezanne’s works lies in his rebellion against the rational tradition of western culture from both pictorial and literary prospects.His emphasis on the instinct and intuition in Cezanne’s works is a kind of biopolitics out of instinct against rational tradition rather than philosophical reflection in a phenomenological way.The joviality for life provided by paintings is a rebellion against the fact that rational tradition is beyond language，the meaning and value of which would only be embodied adequately with the application of critical discourse established by literature featuring thinking.The enlightenment of this mode of analysis on intermedial theory studies is to remind the scholars to take perceptual experience of different types of art as basis to explore the complementation among them so as to introduce intermedial studies to the field of cultural politics.

Key words：D.H.Lawrence； Cezanne； appleyness； intermedial studies

From Self-Portrait to Selfie： Aesthetic Evolution of Self-image in the Vision of Artistic Media

Wang Jiequn，Zou Xiao

（School of Literature and Journalism，Xiangtan University，Xiangtan 411105）

（141）

Abstract：Both self-portrait and Selfie are aesthetic ways to construct human self-image，both have the original purpose of recording the truth，and both emphasize the manifestation of personal identity and selfawareness in the works.Since the Renaissance，self-portrait has really appeared on the historical stage as a painting art.From hiding behind the canvas to gradually entering the center of the picture，the artist is the representation of self-consciousness awakening and power construction.With the strong involvement of mobile media and the enthusiastic participation of the public，the selfie image has become a media art for the public to represent and convey themselves.From the change of mirror to chip lens，and the change of frame from fixed to moving，the self-portrait deconstructs the artistic authority established by artists in the era of self-portrait，but at the same time，it also brings about the “misidentification” of identity and the “absence”of individuals.By comparing the aesthetic evolution of self-portrait and selfie，we can understand the profound influence of artistic media on portrait art，society and our personal life experience.

Key words：self-portrait； selfies； medium

The Future of the School based on the History of Sign Evolution

Cui Qien，Wang Zhirong，Zhao Ming

（School of Education，Wenzhou University，Wenzhou 325035）

（149）

Abstract：From the perspective of symbol education，education is the symbolization of the purpose of life happiness.Signs are the representations of the world’s existence and the evidence of human beings.About 5 million years before，when the ape album，the education sign’s signifier（education teaching）and signified （production and life） were confused and began to symbolize.Somebody had education，and the school sign had not yet been created.The first school sign began to appear in China’s first slave society in the 21st century BC，and its original meaning was： a specific place （or a specific place of symbolization） where the educated received discipline.Its initial sign is extremely simple，that is，instrumental___ the semiotic organization of the transition from natural person to social person.In the first and second wave of education，the logical distance between education and the signified increased，and school signs continued to be symbolized again，with additional meanings，such as “fixed”，“systematic”，“politicized”，“scientific” and “cultural”.In the third wave of education，with the emergence of the AI&VR sign，the logical distance regression between education signifier and the signified was 00，and education center went through from the previous wave to the third wave successively： uncentered，teacher，student，learning.As a special place for discipline and education，schools have increasingly lost their legitimacy in the construction of double signs of reality education virtualization and virtual education reality.

Key words：school； sign； education； semiotic education； educational semiotics； semiotics