运用题干归纳法，巧解主旨大意题

陈霞

主旨大意题是高考英语阅读理解中的必考题，用得最多的首尾法和反推法虽然能解决问题，但难度较大，尤其是对于基础弱的考生很难从首尾部分总结出主旨大意。鉴于阅读题的题干围绕主旨设题，且多为简单句，因此难度相对较小，考生可从中感知主旨。运用题干归纳法不仅可以简化题目难度，而且能节省时间提高准确率。

[例1]2020年全国Ⅱ卷B篇：

24. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play？

25. What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment？

26. How do boys differ from girls in puzzle play？

27. What is the text mainly about？

A. A mathematical method.    B. A scientific study.

C. A woman psychologist.      D. A teaching program.

解析：27题考查文章主旨，24～26题的题干分别是：孩子从puzzle play中获得什么益处，设计实验时需考虑的因素，玩puzzle play时男女的差异。运用题干归纳法可知文章主旨是关于puzzle游戏对孩子的影响的，特别是从“设计实验”可知，这是“科学研究”，故选B项。

[例2]2019年全国Ⅰ卷D篇：

32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school？

33. What is the second paragraph mainly about？

34. What did Dr. Prinsteins study find about the most liked kids？

35. What is the best title for the text？

A. Be Nice—You Wont Finish Last

B. The Higher the Status， the Better

C. Be the Best—You Can Make It

D. More Self-Control， Less Aggressiveness

解析：35題考查文章主旨，32～34题分别考查：作者小学时的性格特点，第二段大意，关于最受欢迎的孩子研究者发现了什么。运用题干归纳法可知文章主旨与性格有关，可排除与性格无关的选项B，C和D项，选A项。

[例3]2018年全国Ⅰ卷C篇：

28. What can we infer about languages in hunter gatherer times？

29. Which of the following best explains“dominant”underlined in paragraph 2？

30. How many languages are spoken by less than 6，000 people at present？

31. What is the main idea of the text？

A. New languages will be created.

B. Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languages.

C. Human development results in fewer languages.

D. Geography determines language evolution.

解析：31题考查文章主旨，28～30题分别考查：狩猎时期的语言，词义猜测，目前不到6000人使用的语言有多少种。运用题干归纳法可知文章主旨与语言有关，又由“狩猎时期”“目前”可知，是语言与时间的关系，与此相关的选项只有C项：人类的发展导致语言的减少。

2020年全国Ⅲ卷C篇为例：

28. Who mainly uses the ground floor in the Victorian house in Bristol？

29. What is Nicks attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in-law？

30. What is the authors statement about multigenerational family based on？

31. What is the text mainly about？

A. Lifestyles in different countries.

B. Conflicts between generations.

C. A housing problem in Britain.

D. A rising trend of living in the UK.

解析：31题考查文章主旨，28-30题分别考查：谁住第一层，Nick对于与丈母娘合住的态度，作者关于多代同堂家庭的陈述基础。运用题干归纳法可知文章主旨关于多代合住家庭的住房问题，故选C项。

2018年全国Ⅱ卷B篇：

32. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph？

33. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci？

34. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk？

35. What is the best title for the text？

A. Conversation Counts.

B. Ways of Making Small Talk.

C. Benefits of Small Talk.

D. Uncomfortable Silence.

解析：35题考查文章主旨，32-34题分别考查：第一段描述的现象，small talk的成功要素，关于small talk咖啡店的研究结果。运用题干归纳法可知文章主旨关于small talk，可知35题选B项。

由以上例证说明，题干归纳法在解答高考英语阅读理解的主旨大意题中起着重要作用。尽管题干归纳法不一定能解决所有的主旨大意题，但能极大提高正确率。

责任编辑 蒋小青