王慧
为了检测学生的语篇意识,新高考的阅读理解题较过去多设置了“七选五”的题型。语篇内容具有连贯性。而“七选五”阅读理解题着重考查学生对语篇内部连贯性的理解。因此借助语篇的特点讲解“七选五”阅读题的解答技巧,可以达到事半功倍的效果。下面笔者将以一次“七选五”阅读题讲评课为例,阐述如何利用语篇的特点上好“七选五”阅读题讲评课。
一、利用语篇的体裁
语篇的内容不是杂乱无章的,是按照一定的话题和话题间的连贯性有规律地展开的,这种语篇的组织模式既能体现作者的思维模式,又能体现语篇的宏观认知结构。在平时的教学中,教师如果能有意识地从宏观地角度介绍一下题目语篇的体裁,讲解不同体裁的常见结构,那么学生在解题时,有些题就可以迎刃而解了。
比如一次“七选五”阅读题讲评课上,学生对两处空格有争议。原题如下:
After a long hard day at work, many of us look forward to nothing more than some much-needed rest at home, such as getting absorbed in a video game, or settling in with a great read. 1 . This conclusion comes from the recent research of Kingston University.
The survey-based study looked at 123 adults and assessed (評估) their entertainment preferences along with their interpersonal skill levels. 2.The questions included how they deal with certain social situations. The results showed something surprising about how we engage with (与......建立密切联系)these mediums (媒体). Postgraduate research student Rose Turner found an obvious link between bookworms and their levels of empathy (同情)and kindness. 3“This study shows that the different ways that people engage with fiction can impact their emotional itelligence (情商)and behaviors”, Turner explained.
So what is it about reading a book and being a bookworm that helps you practice empathy and kindness and improve your interpersonal skills? Well, interestingly enough, Turner believes that its the missing information in the literature that drives people to use their powers of empathy.“When we read, we go by what is simply written and we have to fill in the gaps as we go along. It gives us a chance to develop empathetic skills. 4,”Turner said.
The truth of the matter is that readers have to dig deeper when it comes to understanding the characters in their preferred form of fiction.When you watch a show, everything from the characters feelings to their actions is laid out for us on the screen. 5 .Its just that act that could help bookworms improve their kindness and social skills no end.
A. Each participant answered many questions
B. Every now and then, just picking up a book may make us a better person
C. When we watch TV, we are provided with a lot of information already
D. Thats because we try to understand what a character is going through
E.If your choice is to be a page-turner, you are likely to rank high on kindness
F. People who generally read rather than watch TV seem to have better social skills
G. But when you read a book, you have to think on another level to uncover more details
学生争论的焦点在第1题和第3题,选错的学生认为第1题也可以选择F,第3题可以选择E。虽然课上选错的学生在争论时观点被反驳,但是这些学生仍然还是感到困惑,对自己犯错的原因一知半解。课后笔者询问原因,了解到虽然在他们出错后笔者也讲解了句子之间的逻辑关系,但是这部分学生害怕下次换一篇文章还是会出错。笔者反思自己的教学情况,发现在语篇体裁和常见的篇章模式方面给学生讲解得太少。这道题是一篇说明文。很多学生在这两个空上选错,说明他们对说明文的语篇模式和句子之间的连接手段不清楚。第3题考查的不仅是句与句之间的逻辑连接,而且考查学生对整个语篇结构的理解把握。
教师在讲解说明文语篇时,应该向学生说明语篇的写作目的,如介绍某一事物的含义、特点、功能、演变等,让学生清楚该类语篇的一般结构。引起学生争论的这篇语篇属于概括——具体模式(general——specific)结构。该语篇的大致结构如下:
语篇模式不仅可以让学生对语篇的结构有宏观的了解,而且有助于学生把握每段的主题大意。第1题属于概括段落题,该段介绍“多阅读可以让人变得善良”这一研究结论,而第3题属于细节题,第3题所属的这一段先阐述了研究对象“123 adults”和研究目的“assess their entertainment preferences along with their interpersonal skill level”,然后介绍了研究方法“questions”,紧接着就是研究发现“an obvious link between bookworms and their levels of empathy and kindness”和第3题的内容。通过后一句Turner的话,我们可以推断出该研究有两个发现“emotional intelligence and behaviors”。所以第3题应该选择F,F阐述的是另一个发现。如果选E,那么就和前一句阐述的发现重复了。文章第三段和第四段分别阐述读书可以提高同情和社交技能的原因。
二、利用语句的衔接关系
英语里语句的衔接关系分为很多种。其中连接是指在一个句子之内,在小句之间,通常有连接成分把它们联系起来,表示小句之间的逻辑——语义关系和相互依赖关系。第1题选E是因为前一句说到“getting absorbed in a video game, or settling in with a great read.”这一句在暗示读者二选一,所以E句“If your choice is to be a page-turner, you are likely to rank high on kindness”中“your choice”实现了与前一句的连接,而且选项E的“a page-turner”通过词汇替代实现与前一句的“a great read”连接。
“七选五”阅读题主要考查学生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。在平时讲评“七选五”阅读题时,教师要关注对体现语句间逻辑关系的词的讲解,如因果关系: so, therefore, thus, hence, as a result/consequence等;并列关系: first, then/ next, both, and, on the one hand, on the other hand等;转折或让步关系: however, nevertheless, though, although, yet, otherwise等;递进关系: also, whats more, furthermore, moreover , additionally, in addition, on top of等;例证解释关系: for example, for instance, such as, that is等;时间顺序关系: (开始)at first/at the beginning of/ in the beginning; (然后)after a while等;總结词语in brief/ conclusion, in a word, to sum up, all in all等。
综上所述,《普通高中英语课程标准(2017年版)》提出要求:识别语篇中新旧信息的布局及承接关系;理解语篇成分之间的语义逻辑关系,如:次序关系、因果关系、概括与范例关系;能识别语篇中的时间顺序等。因此英语教师不仅要引导学生解答“七选五”阅读题,还要引导学生了解命题者为什么挑选语篇中的这些句子设题,这些句子体现了特定体裁下的哪些语篇模式的考点,体现了哪些语篇成分之间的语义逻辑关系。这样不仅能提高学生对语篇的宏观把握能力,还能提高学生的逻辑思维水平,对培养高中生的英语写作能力也大有裨益。
(作者单位:江苏省海安市南莫中学)