洪欣 汪秀平 温放
摘 要:该文报道了产自中国西藏自治区墨脱县境内的线柱苣苔属(Rhynchotechum Blume)中国分布新记录——小花线柱苣苔(R. parviflorum Blume)。该新记录种常生长在林中溪流附近的崖壁以及次生林下阴湿生境中,主要辨别特征为叶基本对生,花萼裂片被绢毛,花梗被黄褐色绒毛,花冠筒较小,子房具短柔毛,果无毛至微柔毛。印度学者于2020年记载为印度新分布,而原始文献中记录的凭证标本采集点位于中国西藏自治区墨脱县境内,故对原文记述的产地信息提出质疑。同时,在前人的研究中部分馆藏的线柱苣苔属植物标本被认定为该新记录种,在此一并提出该新记录种在中国的分布地理信息和详细描述。
关键词: 苦苣苔科, 小花线柱苣苔, 新记录, 西藏自治区, 中国
中图分类号:Q945
文献标识码: A
文章编号:1000-3142(2020)10-1417-06
Rhynchotechum parviflorum Blume, a newly recorded species of Gesneriaceae from China
HONG Xin1, WANG Xiuping1, WEN Fang2,3*
( 1. School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; 2. Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, Guangxi, China; 3. Gesneriad Conservation Center of China (GCCC), Guilin Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, Guangxi, China )
Abstract:As is reported to be a new species in China, the Rhynchotechum parviflorum Blume of the Rhynchotechum Blume genus was found in Motuo County, Xizang Autonomous Region of China. It usually prefers cliffs near perennial streams in primary forests as well as in secondary forests and damp groves near roadsides. This species of Rhynchotechum is characterized by almost opposite leaves, sericeous calyx lobes, axes rusty-yellow villous, short style and small flower, puberulent ovary and glabrous to puberulous fruit. When the research about this genus was published in 2020, Indian scholars recorded that the voucher specimen was collected from India. However, when the GPS longitude and latitude information of the type specimen collection point recorded in the original document was marked on the Map World in official geographic website, this species was found to locate in Motuo County, Xizang Autonomous Region of China. Therefore, the certificate of origin information recorded in the original document was questioned.
Key words: Gesneriaceae, Rhynchotechum parviflorum, new record, Xizang Autonomous Region, China
線柱苣苔属(我国台湾省称为同蕊草属)(Rhynchotechum Blume)为苦苣苔科亚灌木植物,由Blume(1826)建立并置于秋海棠科,后修订至苦苣苔科(Don, 1838; Endlicher, 1839; Brown, 1867)。由于该属与浆果苣苔属(Cyrtandra J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.)都具有肉质的浆果类型果实,在经典形态学上曾经认为两者可能具有较近的亲缘关系(Don, 1838; Endlicher, 1839; Ivanina, 1965; Burtt & Wiehler, 1995),而染色体的研究结果却让研究者对两者亲缘关系是否接近产生了质疑(Ratter, 1962; Kiehn & Weber, 1997; Wang JC & Wang CC, 2000);分子系统学证据则表明线柱苣苔属处于苦苣苔科长蒴苣苔亚科的基部位置,与短筒苣苔属(Boeica C. B. Clarke)更加近缘(Mller et al., 2009; Wei et al., 2010)。尽管最近有许多地区性的研究(Schlechter, 1923; Hatusima, 1971; Walker, 1976; Theobald & Grupe, 1981; 王文采,1984; Wang et al., 1998; Burtt, 2001; Hilliard, 2001),但是关于整个属的系统学研究分别是Clarke(1883)和Anderson & Middleton(2013)发表的,前后相距了130年。根据他们的研究,全世界目前已经正式报道的线柱苣苔属植物约为16种,分布于亚洲热带及温暖地区的低山山谷密林中(王文采,1984;Anderson & Middleton, 2013)。
印度学者近期文献中记录的小花线柱苣苔(Rhynchotechum parviflorum Blume)的凭证标本记录采集于印度方面所谓的伪“阿鲁纳恰尔邦Arunachal Pradesh,上桑朗县Upper Siang District,塞卡姆Sikem”(Momang et al., 2020);该地区是1987年印度按照非法的“西姆拉条约”和不具备任何法律效力的“麦克马洪线”单方面宣称建立所谓的伪“阿鲁纳恰尔邦”(以下简称为“伪阿邦”),实为印方非法侵占的我国固有领土,我国政府多次严正声明,不承认非法的“麦线”和无中生有的“阿邦”(戴超武,2014;钧声,2017;钟声,2017)。其GPS位点信息为95°4′17″ E、28°
21′39″ N,将此经纬度信息导入中国行政区划图(国家地理信息公共服务平台“天地图”https://www.tianditu.gov.cn/),此GPS位点位于中国西藏自治区墨脱县境内。故本文对原文记述中的凭证标本产地信息的准确性和归属性提出质疑和修正。虽然本国家级新分布记录种的具体情况还需在将来前往该地进行进一步的实地考察,但是藏南地区毫无疑问是中华人民共和国固有的主权领土。因而小花线柱苣苔这一中国的国家级分布新记录显然是毫无疑问的。此外,我们在进一步查证文献的过程中,发现一些曾被鉴定为椭圆线柱苣苔 [R. ellipticum (Wall. ex Dietr.) A. DC.]和冠萼线柱苣苔(R. formosanum Hatusima)的标本被最新研究认为是对凭证标本的错误鉴定(Anderson & Middleton, 2013),而且小花线柱苣苔一直未被我国的植物志书(王文采,1990;Wang et al., 1998)以及苦苣苔科植物专著(李振宇和王印政,2005;韦毅刚等,2010)所收录,故在本文中一并予以处理,其中文名依据其学名种加词的含义而拟名为“小花线柱苣苔”。
小花线柱苣苔 (新拟 )
Rhynchotechum parviflorum Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 775 (1826); G. Don, Gen. Hist. 663 (1838); DC., Prodr. 285 (1845); Miquel, Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 750 (1858); C. B. Clarke in A. DC. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 195 (1883); C. B. Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 373 (1884); Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 44: 84 (1905); Ridl. in King & Gamble, Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins. 21: 787 (1909); Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 2: 541 (1923); P. H. Ho, Illustr. Fl. Vietnam 3(1): 25 (1993); B. L. Burtt, Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 29: 107 (2001).
模式标本: Java, Seribu mountains, Blume s. n. (L [barcode: 0834014]). Epitype: Java, Preanger, Paroenkoeda [Parungkuda], 20 xii 1920, Bakhuizen van den Brink 5055 (L)。
形态描述: 茎20~180 cm高,直径4.5~8 mm,有时基部多分枝。叶对生,很少近对生;叶柄长1.7~4.5(~7.5) cm;叶片椭圆形至狭椭圆形或倒卵形至狭倒卵形,长9~27(~37) 3 3.4~12 cm,宽1.8~3.5(~6) cm,先端渐尖至锐尖,很少钝或尾状,基部狭楔形至楔形;边缘具小齿至齿状,齿可达3 mm长;侧脉9~24对;正面深绿色,无毛至白色短柔毛,中脉上密被毛;背面淡绿色,无毛至锈黄色绵毛,脉上密被锈褐色绵毛。花序深紫红色或绿色至粉棕色,长(0.9~)1.3~6(~9) cm,(2~)3~4(~5)分枝;花梗少或无;第一回分枝长0.3~3.2(~4) cm;第二回分枝长0.3~1.6(~1.9) cm;花序轴具锈黄色长柔毛或绢毛至近无毛,很少具腺毛;线形至三角形的苞片,第一苞片长2~6 mm,第二苞片长2~8 mm;花梗长1~11 mm,被黄锈色绢毛或长柔毛。花萼略带紫红色或绿色至粉棕红色,裂片三角形和尖端圆形,很少有点尾状,(1.5~)2~3.5(~4)×(0.5~)0.75~1(~1.5) mm,被黄褐色绢毛或长柔毛至近无毛或粗糙的腺毛。花冠白色至淡紫色,外部无毛至微柔毛;上唇基部有紫红色,2.25~3.5×2~4 mm;上裂片0.75~1.5×0.75~2 mm,尖端钝至圆形;下唇(2.75~)3.5~4.5(~5)×(3~)4.5~6(~8) mm;下裂片1~2×1~2.25 mm,先端钝至圆形;花冠管长(1~)1.5~2 mm。雄蕊着生在距花冠筒基部0.5~0.75(~1) mm处;花丝长约0.5~1 mm;花药黄色至红棕色,直径约0.5~0.75 mm,無毛,很少被微柔毛;雄蕊长约0.25~0.5 mm。子房(0.5~)0.75~1.25×(0.5~)0.75~1.5mm,短柔毛至被微柔毛;花柱白色,长1.5~3.25(~4) mm;柱头白色,先端截形至球状或圆形。果椭圆形至宽椭圆形或宽卵球形,(2.5~)3~4×2~3.5(~5) mm,无毛至微柔毛。
引证标本:中国,西藏自治区,墨脱县,M. Taram 和O. Taku 5068, 18. vi. 2018, 28° 21′39″ N、95° 4′ 17″ E, 海拔300 m (HAU)。
生态与伴生植物: 在中国西藏自治区墨脱县南部林下潮湿地带,在溪流附近的悬崖峭壁上。根据文献(Momang et al., 2020),其伴生物种记载有毛线柱苣苔(Rhynchotechum vestitum Wall. ex C. B. Clarke)、吊石苣苔属的Lysionotus bijantiae D. Borah & A. Joe [本种实为长圆汉克苣苔Henckelia oblongifolia (Roxb.) D. J. Middleton & Mich. Mller](蔡磊等,2020)、斑叶汉克苣苔 [H. pumila (D. Don) A. Dietr.]、克氏短筒苣苔(Boeica clarkei Hareesh, L. Wu, A. Joe & M. Sabu)(该新物种发表时标本采集地点也是被错误写为“伪阿邦”,实则也是中国境内)、盾基冷水花(Pilea insolens Wedd.)、荫生冷水花(P. umbrosa Blume)、菜蕨 [Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.]以及华南毛蕨 [Cyclosorus parasiticus (L.) Farw.]等植物。
分布: Anderson & Middleton(2013)认为在《中国植物志》和Flora of China修订过程中,研究者错误地将产自中国广东、广西、海南和香港的小花线柱苣苔标本鉴定为线柱苣苔或冠萼线柱苣苔(主要凭证标本见下文)。同时,虽然目前没有查阅到采自我国台湾省的小花线柱苣苔的标本,但他们推测该种在台湾省也应有分布。所以,该物种在中国的分布为西藏自治区(墨脱县)、广东省、广西壮族自治区、海南省和香港特别行政区。本种在世界上的分布范围很大,从西部的印度尼科巴群岛开始,东至巴布亚新几内亚,北至中国华南和西南,南至印度尼西亚,其已知分布地见图1。
其他凭证标本:中国 广东 viii 1887, C. Ford 109 (K [2]). 广西 Bose, Bako Shan, 27 ix 1928, RC Ching 7702 (NY, US); Fangcheng District, Kung Ping Shan, 10 ix 1936-18 ix 1936, WT Tsang 26854 (A, E, K). 海南 Bo-ting, 11 x 1936, SK Lau 27967 (A); Dung Ka, 25 ix 1932, NK Chun & CL Tso 43946 (A, NY, US); Lam Ko District, Top of Lin Fa Shan, 2 viii 1927, W.T. Tsang 287 (A, K, NY, UC, US); Lingshui Xian, Tongteiling, 16 x 1956, L. Teng 2617 (AAU); Po-ting, 21 v 1935, F.C. How 72532 (GH); Ya Xian, 10 x 1933, C. Wang 34570 (A, NY); Yaichow, 18 iii 1933, FC How 70372 (NY). 香港 Wah Shan Kuek, 23 viii 1970-24 viii 1970, SY Hu 10939 (A)。
中国植物志原记载我国线柱苣苔属有6种,分别是毛线柱苣苔(Rhynchotechum vestitum Wallich ex C. B. Clarke)、异色线柱苣苔(台湾省称为同蕊草) [R. discolor (Maxim.) B. L. Burtt]、椭圆线柱苣苔 [R. ellipticum (Wallich ex Dietrich) A. de Candolle]、冠萼线柱苣苔(台湾省称为蓬萊同蕊草或台湾线柱苣苔)、长梗线柱苣苔(R. longipes W. T. Wang)和线柱苣苔 [R. obovatum (Griff.) B. L. Burtt](王文采,1990)。之后的Flora of China记载有5种1变种,在种以下的等级上新增加了产自我国台湾省的羽裂异色线柱苣苔(台湾省称为羽裂線柱苣苔) [R. discolor (Maxim.) B. L. Burtt var. incisum (Ohwi) Walker]。该变种最初发表为(Isanthera discolor Maxim. var. incisa Ohwi)(1938),随后E. Walker将其归并入线柱苣苔属,原记载仅产于日本冲绳岛(Walker, 1976),之后发现中国台湾省也有分布(Li & Hsieh, 1997)。此外,FOC认为线柱苣苔应当归并入椭圆线柱苣苔(Wang et al., 1998),并同时将椭圆线柱苣苔的中文名废弃,仅根据合并将“线柱苣苔”这一中文名予以保留。这一修订处理也同样被随后的苦苣苔科植物专著所接受(李振宇和王印政,2005)。然而,这两个曾经被合并的物种线柱苣苔和椭圆线柱苣苔在最新的修订中又因为花序的着生方式、萼片和叶片形状重新被分开(Anderson & Middleton, 2013)。Wang JC & Wang CC (2000)根据形态学、种皮微型态以及染色体数目,对台湾省线柱苣苔属植物进行修订,文中认为羽裂异色线柱苣苔这一变种除叶片形态外与异色线柱苣苔并无其他差异,所以划为其一变型 [R. discolor (Maxim.) B. L. Burtt f. incisum (Ohwi) Hatus. ex J. C. Wang],最新的分类修订又取消了这一变型(Anderson & Middleton, 2013),将其并入异色线柱苣苔,同文还发表了短梗线柱苣苔(R. brevipedunculatum J. C. Wang)。之后通过ITS和trn S-G分子系统发育方面的研究结果也证实了该物种的成立(Goro et al., 2014)。所以,连同本文的新记录,目前我国已知并正式记录的苦苣苔科线柱苣苔属共有8种,分布自西藏东南部,經云南、四川南部、贵州南部、广西、广东、福建南部至台湾,其中两个特有种——仅记录台湾省分布的短梗线柱苣苔和仅记录在广西壮族自治区南部分布的长梗线柱苣苔。小花线柱苣苔形态上与冠萼线柱苣苔相似,可以通过花序梗较短、花序亚簇生以及在花序下部缺乏腺毛来区别,并且与同样产西藏墨脱的椭圆线柱苣苔形态上接近,但它具有花冠筒较短、白色,花柱较小,并可以通过雄蕊光滑无毛,子房具有短柔毛来区别二者。
中國产线柱苣苔属植物检索表
1. 花序梗较短,花序在叶腋处簇生 2
2. 花冠筒外部光滑无毛,萼片白色至淡绿色毛线柱苣苔
2. 花冠筒外部被毛,萼片淡红色 3
3. 雄蕊有毛,子房光滑无毛椭圆线柱苣苔
3. 雄蕊光滑无毛,子房被微柔毛小花线柱苣苔
1. 花序梗较长,或花序梗短但花序无分枝 4
4. 叶片互生 5
5. 花序梗极短,仅约1 cm,并且花序无分枝短梗线柱苣苔
5. 花序梗极短,长度一般位2~10 cm,花序有分枝异色线柱苣苔
4. 叶片对生或轮生 6
6. 花药具腺毛线柱苣苔
6. 花药无毛 7
7. 植株矮小,高度约5 cm,叶子长圆形,萼片线形,绿色长梗线柱苣苔
7. 植株高5~60 cm,叶椭圆形倒卵形,萼片三角形,红紫色冠萼线柱苣苔
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