越南苦苣苔科石蝴蝶属植物随记暨国家级分布新记录

TRANThiPhuongAnh BUIHongQuang NGUYENKhangSinh AVERYANOVLeonid 温放

摘 要：   石蝴蝶屬（Petrocosmea Oliv.）植物的现代分布与分化中心位于中国的西南山地以及周边国家和地区，如印度（阿萨姆邦）、缅甸、泰国、越南等也有分布。近年来，中国和中南半岛上各个国家和地区的新分类群和国家级新记录层出不穷，进一步加深了研究人员对中国和中南半岛植物区系以及该属植物在上述区域的多样性的理解。例如，滇黔石蝴蝶＼[Petrocosmea martinii （H. Léveillé） H. Léveillé＼]和丝毛石蝴蝶（P. sericea C.Y. Wu ex H. W. Li） 曾被认为是中国的特有种，前者分布于贵州、广西北部和云南东南部，而后者仅见于云南东南部。该文报道了这两种石蝴蝶属植物的越南国家级分布新记录。这两个新记录种的发现，使得越南分布的石蝴蝶属植物种的数量上升到了5 种，这些新记录种的报道或暗示未来在与中国西南山地邻近的地区还将会有更多该属的新分类群或新记录有待发现。该文还同时提供了这两个国家级分布新记录物种的描述、图示、濒危等级现状评价以及目前所有越南已知分布的石蝴蝶属植物的检索表以备检索和核对。

关键词：  越南北部， 越南石蝴蝶属植物检索表， 越南植物区系， 中国植物区系

1 Introduction

The genus Petrocosmea Oliver （1887， pl. 1716）， belongs to Gesneriaceae， subfam. Didymocarpoideae （Webber et al.， 2013） and currently comprises of above 50 species （Han et al.， 2018， 2019）. It mainly distributes in Southwest China， Northeast India， Myanmar， Thailand and South Vietnam （Wang， 1985， 1990; Wang et al.， 1998; Ho， 2000; Phuong， 2005， 2017; Middleton & Triboun， 2010; Wei et al.， 2010; Qiu et al.， 2015a， b; Han et al.， 2018， 2019）. According to the second Petrocosmea revision， Wang （1985） recorded 27 species with four varieties and divided them into three sections： section Deinanthera W. T. Wang characterized by its constricted anther apex; section Anisochilus Hemsl. having slightly split corolla lobes， with the upper lip nearly half as long as the lower one; and section Petrocosmea holding deeply split and almost equally long lobes （Wang et al.， 1998; Zhang et al.， 2013）. So far， only three Petrocosmea species were reported from Vietnam （Pellegrin， 1926; Wang， 1985; Wang et al.， 1998; Ho， 2000; Phuong， 2005， 2017）; P. condorensis （Pierre） Pellegr. occurred in Con Dao islands， Khanh Hoa Province， P. minor Hemsl. and P. duclouxii Craib distributed in Lao Cai Province （Ho， 2000; Phuong， 2005， 2017）. Recently， after field observations and specimen examination of HN herbarium， we found two more species of Petrocosmea genus from Vietnam. After consulting relevant literature （Li， 1983; Wang， 1984， 1985; Wang et al.， 1998; Li & Wang， 2005; Wei et al.， 2010; Middleton & Triboun， 2010; Phuong， 2017） and examining specimens deposited in herbaria of China （PE， KUN， IBK， IBSC） and Vietnam （HN） and referring photos of type specimens from Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History （US）， Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries （HUH） and Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh （E）， we confirmed that one species collected in Hoang Lien N. P. （Sa Pa District， Lao Cai Province） is Petrocosmea sericea C.Y. Wu ex H.W. Li （1983， p. 21）， and the other one from limestone mountains of Tung Vai commune （Quan Ba district， Ha Giang province） is P. martinii （H. Léveillé） H. Léveillé （1911， p. 329）， which have not been reported for flora of Vietnam. According to Wang （1985）， five species of Petrocosmea in Vietnam should be divided in two sections; sect. Petrocosmea has single species， P. condorensis， and sect. Anisochilus consists of four species; P. duclouxii， P. minor， P. martinii and P. sericea.

2 Results and Analysis

2.1.  Description and information of two new records of Petrocosmea in Vietnam

Petrocosmea martinii   （H. Léveillé） H. Léveillé in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.   9  ： 329. 1911; Craib in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb.   11  ： 275. 1919; Lauener & Burtt in l. c.   38  （3）： 427. 1980： H. W. Li in Bull. Bot. Res.   3  （2）： 20. 1981; W. T. Wang in Acta Bot. Yunnan.   7  （1）： 61. 1985 & Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 69： 318. 1990; W. T. Wang et al. in Z. Y. Wu & Raven， Fl. China 18： 307. 1998 — Vaniotia martinii H. Léveillé in Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot.   12  （161-162）： 166. 1903. — P. cavaleriei Léveillé in Repert. Spec. Nov.   9  ： 329. 1911， p. p. quoad Cavalerie 837.

Fig. 1

Lithophytic rhizomatous perennial herbs; rhizome short， 3-5 mm long， densely covered by long brown hairs. Leaves all basal， petiolate; petiole （1.5）2-3（4.5） cm long， pilose; leaf blade ovate to orbicular-ovate， 0.6-2（2.6） × 0.5-1.9（2） cm， adaxially pale green， abaxially greenish purple to purple and dark purple along veins， both surface densely pilose， base usually cordate， rarely rounded， margin crenulate to nearly crenate， denticulate to nearly entire， apex rounded to obtuse; lateral veins 3-4 each side， adaxially slightly flat， inconspicuous， abaxially raised， conspicuous. Cymes 1（or 2）-flowered; peduncle （1.5）3-4（5） cm long， pilose; bracts 2， linear， 1-2 mm long， sometime absent; pedicel （5）7-15（19） mm long when two-flowered. Calyx actinomorphic， 5-sect from base; segments equal， narrowly lanceolate， 2.5-3.8 × 0.8-1.5 mm， outside puberulent to pilose， inside glabrous. Corolla bluish purple to reddish purple， inside with two white patches at base of adaxial lip and dark purple patch at tube base; outside puberulent， inside glabrous; tube 3-5 mm long; adaxial lip ca. 3 mm long， indistinctly 2-lobed， two lobes are fused nearly their 2/3 length and each lobe is folded and rolled laterally to form a carinateplicate shape of the adaxial lip that encloses the style; abaxial lip （8）9-11（12） × （10）11-14（15） mm， 3-lobed to nearly middle; lobe broadly ovate to nearly orbicular， 5.5-6.5 × 7.5-9.5 mm， apex obtuse to nearly rounded. Stamens 2， adnate to the corolla tube at the base; filaments 2-3 mm long， geniculate near the top， glabrous; anthers coherent， adnate face to face， oblong， poricidal in apex， ca. 2 mm long; staminodes 2， adnate to the corolla tube at the base， glabrous. Pistil （6）7-9（10） mm long; ovary 1.5-2 mm long， puberulent; style 6-8 mm long， glabrous. Capsule grey brown， 3.5-5（-7） mm long.

Examined specimens：     VIETNAM  ， Hà Giang Prov.， Qua n Ba ·  distr.， Bát    Da · i Son N. R.， Thanh Vn Comm.， Tn vill.， Thng （Conifer） Mountain， karstic， highly eroded mountains composed of solid marble-like limestone， primary evergreen broad-leaved and coniferous [Pseudotsuga sinensis Dode， Taxus chinenis Rehder， Amentotaxus argotaenia （Hance） Pilger] humid forest on steep rocky slopes near mountain tops， around point 23°07′40″ N， 104°57′11″ E， at elevation 1 000-1 195 m a. s. l. Lithophytic herb on vertical mossy shady cliff， flowers bluish purple， not common， 19 April 2018， L. Averyanov， Nguyen S. K.， Chuong Q. N.， T. Maisak， VR 494 （  LE， HN  ]）; Qu a n B a · distr.， Tùng Vài comm.， Thng vill.， Limestone primary broad-leaved evergreen closed forest， around point 23°03′47″ N， 104°50′35″ E， at elevation 1 300-1 500 m a.s.l. Herb on vertical mossy shady cliff， flowers bluis purple， rare， 12 April 2014， Nguyen Q.H.， Nguyen S. K.， Nguyen T. V.， Tu B. N.， Nong V. T.， Chuong Q. N.， CPC 4993 [  Center for Plant Conservation （CPC） hebarium， Hanoi  ]; Tùng Vài comm.， Thng Vill.， primary evergreen broad-leaved very humid forest， steep slopes of stream valley composed with eroded stratified highly eroded limestone， around point 23°03′13″ N， 104°51′48″ E， at elevation 1 050-1 150  m a. s. l. Rosulate herb on vertical shady mossy cliff， flowers blue， rare， 21 April 2018， L. Averyanov， Nguyen S. K.， Nguyen T. H.， Nguyen Q. H.， Chuong Q. N.， T. Maisak & Le N. D.， VR 561 （  LE， HN  ）; around point 23°03′41″ N， 104°50′42″ E， at elevation 1 200-1 400 m a.s.l. Lithophytic herb on vertical shady cliff， flowers bluish purple， rare， 22 April 2018， L. Averyanov， Nguyen S. K.， Nguyen T. H.， Nguyen Q. H.， Chuong Q. N.， T. Maisak & Le N. D.， VR 606 （  LE  ）.

China  . Yunnan Prov.， Luoping County， Dabailashan， limestone hill， under broad-leaved evergreen closed forest，  at elevation about 2 400 m a. s. l. Herb on nearly vertical mossy shady cliff， 3 June 1990， Hongshuihekaochadui （Hongshuihe Expedition） 1990 （  PE  ）; Yunnan Prov.， Funing County， Lung-ami. rocky cliff and rocky crevices， at elevation about 1 000 m a. s. l.， 9 May 1940， C. W. Wang 87130 （  PE  ）; Yunnan Prov.， Yanshan County， Teng-Lung-Shan， rocky slope on rock crevice， at elevation about 1 300 m a. s. l.， 20 September 1939， C. W. Wang 83605 （  PE  ）; Yunnan Prov.， Yanshan County， Shui-to u-dzai， in wooded valley on rock crevice， 16 October 1939， C.W.Wang 84427 （  PE  ）; Yunnan Prov.， Yanshan County， shin-tarng， border of woods on rock crevice， 18 October 1939， C. W. Wang 84475 （  IBSC  ）.

Ecology：   Petrocosmea martinii are found in shady cliffs of limestone mountains at elevation range of 1 000-1 500 m a. s. l.， under primary evergreen broad-leaved and coniferous humid forest and usually accompanied with mosses， Begonia cavaleriei H. Léveillé， Elatostemma sp.， Ficus pumila L.， Carex sp.， Cyrtomium sp.， Cyrtogonellum sp. and Pteris sp.

Phenology：   Flowering in April.

Distribution：   China （Guizhou， Yunnan， Guangxi）， and new record to VIETNAM （Hà Giang Prov.， Qua n B a ·  distr.， Thanh Vn and Tùng Vài comm）.

Conservation：   In Vietnam， so far， two fragmented small populations of this species discovered in Qua n B a ·  district; a single population with less than 100 individuals located in Thanh Vn commune is around 15 km northeast direction from the biggest population of Tùng Vài commune. The Tùng Vài population consists of three subpopulations， each has a maximum of 500 individuals and are isolated from each other by valleys in which local people cultivate black Cardamom. P. martinii in different populations grow on humid and shady cliffs of limestone mountains， but scatters in some small groups and each group consisting of 10-50 individuals. This kind of habitat is easily damaged by deforestation and cultivation of black Cardamom in Tùng Vài comm.， and collecting firewood in both Tùng Vài and Thanh Vn communes. Applying the Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool （http：//geocat.kew.org/editor）， the EOO and AOO of P. martinii in Vietnam are less than 15 km2. Following the Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria version 13 （IUCN， 2017）， the conservation status of P. martinii in Vietnam should be assessed provisionally as Vulnerable B1+2a，b （ii，iii）; D2.

Petrocosmea sericea   C. Y. Wu ex H. W. Li in Bull. Bot. Res.， Harbin，   3  （2）： 21， photo. 11. 1983; W. T. Wang in Acta Bot. Yunnan.   7  （1）： 62. 1985. & Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 69： 319. 1990; W. T. Wang et al. in Z. Y. Wu & Raven， Fl. China 18： 308. 1998.

Fig. 2

Lithophytic rhizomatous perennial herbs; rhizome very short， covered by fasciculate stout roots. Leaves all

basal， petiolate; petiole （0.5）1-3（4） cm long， ca. 2 mm in diameter， densely brownish to argenteous white appressed pubescent; leaf blade elliptic to obliquely

elliptic， ovate， narrowly ovate and obovate， （1.2）2-6.5 × （0.8）1.5-2.5（-4.5） cm， brownish white to argenteous white appressed puberulent and pubescent on both surface， base broadly cuneate， cuneate to nearly rounded， margin nearly entire to repand-crenate， apex broadly acute; lateral veins 3-4 on each side， abaxially conspicuous. Cymes 1 （or 3）-flowered; peduncle （2）3.5-5.5（8） cm long， densely brownish yellow to reddish brown appressed puberulent; bracts linear， 2-6 mm long; pedicel （4）8-12 mm long. Calyx actinomorphic， 5-sect from base; segments equal， linear， 4-6 × ca. 1 mm， outside densely brownish yellow to reddish brown or ferruginous appressed puberulent， inside glabrous. Corolla purplish-blue， outside sparsely puberulent， inside glabrous; tube 3-5 mm long; adaxial lip 4-5 mm long， indistinctly 2-lobed， two lobes are fused nearly their 2/3 length and each lobe is folded and rolled laterally to form a carinateplicate shape of the adaxial lip that encloses the  style， lobes triangular-ovate; abaxial lip （8）8.5-9.5 mm long， distinctly 3-lobed; lobes broadly ovate to  rotund，  3.5-4.0 mm long， apex obtuse to rounded. Stamens 2， adnate to the corolla tube at the base; filaments broadly

fusiform， slightly curve upward， 3-3.5 mm long， 1-1.2 mm in diameter， minutely hispid; anthers coherent， adnate face to face， oblong， poricidal in apex， 1-1.5 mm long; staminodes 2. Pistil 15-17 mm; ovary ca. 3 × 1.5 mm， white appressed puberulent; style sparsely puberulent near base. Capsule pale green， puberulent when young.

Examined specimens： VIETNAM  ， Lào Cai Prov.， Sa Pa Distr.， Sa Pa Town， 1 km to the E of Sa Pa Town， behind Ham Rong Resort area， tops of limestone eroded outcrops， around point 22°19′58″ N， 103°51′08″ E， at elevation of 1 600-1 700 m a. s. l.， remnants of primary cloud evergreen broad-leaved forest. Lithophytic herb on shady limestone cliff， flowers blue， occasional， 6 October 2016， Averyanov L.， Nguyen H. T.， Nguyen K. S.， Chuong Q. N.， Maisak T. V.， CPC 8251 （  HN  ）.

China  . Yunnan Prov.， Malipo County， Tung Ting， limestone hill， in mixed forests on rock moutain， at elevation about 1 500 m a. s. l. Herb on nearly vertical mossy shady cliff， 22 November 1947， K. M. Feng 13554 （  PE  ）; Yunnan Prov.， Malipo County， at elevation about 1 000 m a. s. l.， C. W. Wang 86160 （  PE  ）; Yunnan Prov.， Pingbian County， Ji Mi Ti， at elevation about 1 700 m a. s. l.， 15 October 1939， C. W. Wang & Y.Liu 82482 （  PE  ）; Yunnan Prov.， Ma Ga Qi， at elevation about 1 600 m a. s. l.， on rock surface， 11 December 1939， C. W. Wang 83024 （  KUN  ）; Yunnan Prov.， No detailed location information， at elevation about 1 000 m a. s. l.， rock hill on rock crevice， 3 January 1940， C. W. Wang 86160 （  KUN  ）.

Ecology：   Petrocosmea sericea grows at wet humus-soil or crevices of shady limestone cliffs， under thickets and subtropical cloudy evergreen broad-leaved forest， at elevation of 1 600-1 700 m a.s.l.

Phenology：   Flowering in October.

Distribution：   CHINA， SE Yunnan， Malipo County， Pingbian County， Maguan County; VIETNAM， Lào Cai Province， Sa Pa District， Sa Pa Town.

Conservation：   As yet， only four herbarium collections of this species were recorded from China. The holotype， C. W. Wang 82482 （PE00030842！），  from Yunnan Province， Pingbian County， Ji Mi Ti， two paratypes （C. W. Wang 83024 and K. M. Feng 13554 collected from Magaqi， China and Tung Ting， Malipo County， China respectively）， and one old collection C.W.Wang 86160 （KUN75797！， PE00155454！） was collected on 1 March 1940 from Malipo County， Yunnan Prov.， China. Conservation status of these populations is poorly understood except the general information of frequency occurrence; while it was rare in Pingbian population where holotype was collected and Malipo  population （origin of C.W. Wang 86160）， it was common in Malipo population according to the label of K. M. Feng 13554 paratype. In Vietnam， around 100 individuals of a single population of P. sericea in Sa Pa town were recorded. This population is protected in good condition but usually is disturbed by tourist activities and possibly is harmful by introduction of cultivated plants in Hàm Rng flower garden. Applying the Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool （http：//geocat.kew.org/editor）， the EOO and AOO of P. sericea in both China and Vietnam are less than 5 000 km2 and 20 km2 respectively. Following the Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria version 4.0 and 13 （IUCN， 2010， 2017）， the global conservation status of P. sericea is considered as data deficient （DD）. Because populations of China are poorly understood and we believe that some more populations in Hoang Lien range （Lai Chu and Lào Cai provinces） and Hà Giang Province are soon found in the future， especially the high mountains of Sín Mn， Hoàng Su Phì， V i ·  Xuyên and Qu a n B a ·  districts with similar habitat of Sa Pa Town are geographically closed to Malipo population of Yunnan， China.

2.2 Notes on taxonomy and the key of Petrocosmea in Vietnam

Petrocosmea martinii is similar to P. iodioides Hemsl. （1899a， pl. 2599） but differs from the latter by its 1（or 2）-flowered-cymes [（vs. （1）2-4-flowered-cymes]， bracts 1-2 mm long （vs. 2-4 mm long）， calyx segements 2.5-3.8 × 0.8-1.5 mm （vs. 5-7 × 1-1.2 mm）， adaxial lip revolute （vs. flat）， filaments puberulent （vs. glandular-puberulent）.

Petrocosmea sericea is morphologically close to P. minor Hemsl. （1899b， pl. 2600） by leaf shape， number of flower of a cymes however the former can be easily distinguished from the later by its leaf， petioles， peduncles， pedicels， outer calyx surface densely short appressed puberulent （vs. shaggy long pubescent）， anthers 1-1.5 mm long （vs. ca. 3 mm long） and pedicels 8-12 mm long （vs. 14-25 mm long）.

Here we present the further promoted identification key to all known species of Petrocosmea occurring in Vietnam.

Key to the species of Petrocosmea in Vietnam

1. Adaxial corolla lip 2-parted near base or at least in apical 1/3.

2. Filament glabrous 1.   P. condorensis

2. Filament puberulent  2.   P. duclouxii

1. Adaxial corolla lip indistinctly 2-lobed， emarginate， or undivided

3.  Leaf blade base cordate or rounded; calyx segments narrowly lanceolate; style glabrous  3.   P. martinii

3.  Leaf blade base cuneate， broadly cuneate， rarely rounded; calyx segments linear or narrowly triangular; style puberulent near base.

4.  Peduncle， outer calyx surface， petiole， and leaf blade densely short appressed puberulent; pedicel 0.4-1.2 cm long; capsule to 12 mm long 4.   P. sericea

4.  Peduncle， outer calyx surface， petiole， and leaf blade densely long shaggy pubescent; pedicel 1.4-2.5 cm long; capsule 5-8（10） mm long 5.   P. minor

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