非谓语动词的用法总结

黄新春

（江西中医药高等专科学校，江西 抚州 344000）

一、动词不定式（to do/to be）

（一）结构：

1.一般式：to do/to be done (和主句谓语动词同时发生或之后发生，即将来含义)she wants to go home.

2.进行式：to be doing/to be being done (表示正在发生的动作）she pretended to be sleeping.

3.完成式：to have done/to have been done (该动作发生在主句谓语动词之前）She is said to have written a new book about Chinese history.she is said to write a new book in future.(将来的动作）

4.否定式：not+to do ( tell sb not to do sth)

（二）作用(成份)：

不定式常用作以下成分：

1.主语：亦可用 it作形式主语，构成 :

It is/was+adj (for/of sb)to do sth的句型。

It is impossible for us to get there on time.

It is very kind of you to help us.

To see is to believe.(眼见为实)

2.宾语：可以接不定式的常见动词有：hope,wish,decide,intend,expect,plan,determine,manage,refuse,fail,pretend,promise等；

(a) 动词+不定式。如：I want to go home.He managed to escape from the fire.

(b)动词+疑问词+to,“特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词，作宾语,不是某个单词。

如I don’t know what to do next.

I don’t know how to do it next.

3.宾补：主要用于解释、说明宾语，常与动词ask,tell,teach,get,force,want,need,allow,forbid,permit,advise,persuade等连用。如：ask sb to do sth/want sb to do sth

（1）动词+宾语+不定式（to do）

I want you to speak to Tom.

What makes you think so?（不带to的不定式）

（2） 动词+宾语+to be 的不定式结构。

He warned me to be careful.

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.

The book is believed to be useful.（被动语态）

（3）There +不定式。如：

We didn’t expect there to be so many people there.

没料到会有那么多人在那里。

（三）不定式的时态和语态

不定式的时态

现在时：有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。如：He seems to know this. I hope to see you again.

完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如：

I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.

He seems to have caught a cold.

进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如：

He seems to be eating something.

完成进行时：表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并有可能持续下去。如：She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.

不定式的语态

当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时，就用被动式。如：

He was seen to enter the hall.

He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.

二、动名词

（一） 结构：一般式：doing,being done(被动式)

完成式：having done,having been done(被动式)

否定式：not+doing

（二）作用(成份)：

主语、宾语（动词、介词宾语）、定语（表功能、类别）、表语

1.作主语

谓语用单数。It代替动名词作主语，常用于如下结构：

Seeing is believing.

Playing with fire is dangerous.

It’s no good/use doing···如：

2.作宾语

I enjoy listening to music.

He often practices playing the piano in the evening.

3.作表语

此时的动名词可以和主语调换位置。如：

My hobby is collecting stamps.

Her job is washing,cleaning and taking care of the child.