吴三山 刘林丽 沈张 林珺 金琼 黄勉
[摘要] 目的 探讨孕期血清Hcy与重度子痫患者新生儿结局的关系。 方法 回顾性分析2017年1月~2019年9月福州市第一医院妇产科产检并分娩的子痫前期患者的临床资料和实验室检查数据,分析产检数据中不同孕周的Hcy水平与新生儿结局的关系。根据病情严重程度,分为重度子痫前期组(n=282)、轻度子痫前期组(n=371)和正常妊娠对照组(n=1596)。 结果 早孕时,重度子痫前期组孕妇的Hcy水平[(8.92±2.74)μmol/L]明显高于轻度子痫前期组[(7.21±2.09)μmol/L]及正常妊娠组[(6.54±1.39)μmol/L]。相关分析显示,早孕、中孕和晚孕期重度子痫前期组孕妇血清的Hcy水平均与新生儿结局相关,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论 子痫前期孕妇Hcy水平随着病情的严重程度和孕周的增加,呈上升趋势;重度子痫前期血清Hcy水平与新生儿结局密切相关。
[关键词] 同型半胱氨酸;重度子痫前期;子痫前期;新生儿结局
[中图分类号] R714.2 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2020)25-0020-05
Effect of serum homocysteine level on neonatal outcomes in patients with severe preeclampsia
WU Sanshan LIU Linli SHEN Zhang LIN Jun JIN Qiong HUANG Mian
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fuzhou First Hospital, Fuzhou 350009, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the relationship between serum Hcy during pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in patients with severe eclampsia. Methods The clinical data and laboratory examination data of preeclampsia patients, who underwent obstetric examination and gave birth in the obstetrics and gynecology department of the First Hospital of Fuzhou from January 2017 to September 2019, were retrospectively analyzed. The relationship between the Hcy levels of different gestational weeks in the obstetric data and neonatal outcomes were analyzed. According to the severity of the disease, they were divided into severe preeclampsia group(282 cases), mild preeclampsia group (371 cases) and normal pregnancy control group (1596 cases). Results During early pregnancy, the Hcy level of pregnant women[(8.92±2.74)] μmol/L in severe preeclampsia group was significantly higher than that in mild preeclampsia group[(7.21±2.09) μmol/L] and normal pregnancy group[(6.54±1.39) μmol/L]. Correlation analysis showed that the serum Hcy level of pregnant women with severe preeclampsia in early pregnancy, middle pregnancy and late pregnancy was related to neonatal outcomes, and the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion The level of Hcy in pregnant women with preeclampsia increases with the severity of the disease and the gestational age. Serum Hcy levels in severe preeclampsia are closely related to neonatal outcomes.
[Key words] Homocysteine; Severe preeclampsia; Preeclampsia; Neonatal outcomes
高同型半胱氨酸血癥(Hyperhomocysteinemi,HHcy)是心血管疾病和血管病变的危险因素[1]。既往回顾性病例对照研究的定量荟萃分析显示,Hcy与脑血管病呈正相关[2]。此外,动物研究表明,高同型半胱氨酸血症影响血管壁,导致内皮改变和平滑肌增生。关于同型半胱氨酸的升高在产科并发症的应用是鲜有的。研究发现蛋氨酸-同型半胱氨酸代谢的改变可能会破坏血管结构,从而促进血栓形成和动脉粥样硬化,可导致重度子痫前期的典型临床表现。也有学者认为较高水平的同型半胱氨酸可能导致胎盘微血管疾病和先兆子痫的发展,从而对内皮产生不利影响[3]。被诊断为子痫前期的女性未来患心脑血管疾病的风险要大得多,估计与未受影响的女性相比,患病概率翻了一番[4]。这种关联表明子痫前期和心血管疾病可能具有共同的危险因素。
目前大多数研究仅集中在血清Hcy浓度与子痫之间的关系。据报道,子痫前期患者母体血清总同型半胱氨酸水平升高,高同型半胱氨酸血症与子痫的严重程度相关[5,6]。然而,国外学者研究发现,子痫前期的妇女在妊娠中期的Hcy水平与对照组相比没有显著差异。然而,妊娠期血清Hcy与重度子痫前期患者的新生儿结局的研究较少,且关于Hcy与PE关系的研究结果也相互矛盾,因此本研究的目的是探讨孕期血清Hcy与重度子痫患者新生儿结局的关系以及妊娠期重度子痫患者血清Hcy的动态变化情况,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
采用回顾性队列研究,收集2017年1月~2019年9月期间于福州市第一医院妇产科门诊就诊,后接受产前检查并住院分娩的子痫前期患者的临床资料和实验室检查数据。根据子痫前期的严重程度分为:重度子痫前期组(282例)、轻度子痫前期组(371例)和正常妊娠孕妇作为对照组(1596例)。三组数据具有可比性。
1.2 标准
纳入标准:单胎妊娠伴子痫前期。排除标準:①胎儿畸形、妊娠前心脏病、甲状腺疾病、肾脏疾病、糖尿病、原发性高血压病史、血液系统疾病史。所有研究对象在完成基本产检的基础上,分别于孕早期(12周前),孕中期(20~28周)和孕晚期(入院分娩时)各加抽一次空腹时的外周静脉血,釆用酶联免疫法测定血清同型半胱氨酸的水平。自愿参与并签署知情同意书而纳入研究。本研究内容通过医院医学伦理委员会的审批且符合《赫尔辛基宣言》。
诊断标准:重度子痫前期的诊断参考第7版《妇产科学》[7],要求至少存在以下特征中的1个:①血压改变:收缩压≥160 mmHg,舒张压≥110 mmHg。②24 h蛋白尿≥5 g或间隔4 h两次蛋白尿(+++),少尿:24 h尿量<500 mL等症状。③患者有中枢神经系统异常表现:视力模糊、头痛、头晕;严重者神志不清、昏迷等。④患者有肝包膜下血肿或肝破裂的症状:包括上腹部不适或右上腹持续性疼痛等,天冬氨酸氨基转移酶升高(>46 U/L)。所有的血压都必须在间隔至少6 h的两次测量中升高。
1.3 观察指标
观察指标包括:早孕时的年龄、身高、体重、孕次、产次、居住地、教育程度、早孕时血压、早孕时Hcy、尿蛋白;中孕时的身高、体重、血压、Hcy、尿蛋白、;分娩期的身高、体重、血压、尿蛋白、24 h尿蛋白及妊娠并发症等;妊娠结局:包括新生儿出生结局、分娩方式、出生孕周、出生体重、Apgar 1 min评分等。三组孕妇孕早期一般指标基线一致,数据有可比性。随后比较三组孕妇血清Hcy在早孕、中孕及晚孕期间的变化并分析其与新生儿结局的相关性。
1.4 统计学方法
统计数据采用SPSS19.0 软件处理,利用柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫检验分析连续变量分布的正态性。将正态分布的连续变量资料采用(x±s)表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析。将非正态分布的连续变量资料采用中位数、极大值和极小值表示,多组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis检验。计数资料用率表示,组间比较采用χ2、Fisher确切概率法检验。采用皮尔森或斯皮尔曼相关系数分析血清Hcy与重度子痫前期患者新生儿的结局的相关性。显著性水平定义为P<0.05。
2 结果
2.1 各组患者早孕期的一般基线特征比较
三组孕妇的年龄、居住地及孕产次、血压、早孕期检测Hcy孕周及生化指标的基线数据比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。但重度子痫前期组孕妇的Hcy水平明显高于其余两组,其教育程度均低于其余两组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2 各组孕妇在早孕、中孕及晚孕期间血清Hcy的变化比较
正常妊娠的孕妇(早、中、晚期)的Hcy水平均在正常范围,并随妊娠周数的增加,稍呈下降趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。轻度子痫前期组孕妇(早、中、晚期)的Hcy水平均较正常孕妇各个时期的Hcy水平偏高,但其早、中孕期的Hcy水平与正常孕妇的早、中孕期的Hcy水平相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而显著高于正常孕妇晚期的Hcy水平。重度子痫前期组的孕妇(早、中、晚期)的Hcy水平显著高于正常妊娠的孕妇(早、中、晚期)的Hcy水平,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。重度子痫前期组的孕妇(早、中、晚期)Hcy水平与轻度子痫前期组的孕妇(早、中、晚期)的Hcy水平相比,晚孕期的Hcy水平均显著高于早孕期和中孕期,但早孕期与中孕期的Hcy水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2。
2.3 孕妇早孕、中孕及晚孕期间血清Hcy与新生儿结局的相关性分析
相关分析显示,早、中、晚孕期孕妇重度子痫前期患者血清Hcy水平与新生儿的出生孕周、出生体重及出生1 min Apgar评分显著相关,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。但轻度子痫前期组患者及对照组孕妇血清Hcy水平与新生儿的结局之间没有发现相关性。见表3。
3 讨论
妊娠高血压,包括先兆子痫,是导致严重的孕产妇和围产儿发病率和死亡率的主要原因之一[8]。先兆子痫合并5%~8%的妊娠[9-10]。根据系统回顾和荟萃分析显示,子痫前期与高血压、冠心病和脑血管病的风险增加有关。但其发病机制尚未完全明了。然而,高水平的同型半胱氨酸似乎改变了内皮一氧化氮的释放,从而导致高血压和缺血[11]。以往前瞻性队列研究中表明,与正常妊娠的孕妇相比,在怀孕早期有重度子痫的孕妇中检测到的同型半胱氨酸水平更高(P<0.001)[12-13]。本研究结果显示,正常妊娠的孕妇从妊娠早期到妊娠中期血浆Hcy水平呈下降趋势,从妊娠中期到妊娠晚期血浆Hcy水平逐渐升高,与Maruta等[14]结果一致,然而本研究差异无统计学意义。另外数据结果显示,重度子痫前期的孕妇(早、中、晚期)的Hcy水平显著高于正常妊娠的孕妇(早、中、晚期)的Hcy水平,差异有统计学意义,与文献[15-19]报道一致。说明子痫前期孕妇随着孕周的增加和病情程度的加重,Hcy水平进行性增加,提示Hcy水平升高是参与子痫前期发病发展及病情加强的重要因素之一,因此检测Hcy水平有助于判断患者病情严重程度,同时也可作为患者病情进展的评价指标。Hcy是人体内的一种含硫氨基酸,高水平的Hcy一方面产生超氧离子自由基和过氧化氢,氧化还原系统平衡失调,引起过氧化应激反应,引起血管内皮细胞结果和功能受损,另一方面,Hcy晶体通过引起胎盘血管无血管比增加及胎盘动脉微血栓形成,影响胎盘血流,从而导致子痫前期的发生[20-25]。
同型半胱氨酸是一种由蛋氨酸失去末端甲基的非蛋白质氨基酸。最近的流行病学研究表明,高同型半胱氨酸血症(HHcy)是一种与Hcy代谢紊乱引起的血管疾病风险增加相关的疾病。Hcy在自氧化过程中,由金属阳离子(如铜和超氧阴离子)催化与NO反应生成过氧硝酸盐,增加了氧化应激并刺激了ROS的产生,从而导致内皮损伤。同型半胱氨酸对内皮细胞的损伤导致蛋白C活性降低,并抑制血栓调节蛋白的表达,从而导致局部促凝状态的降低[26-27]。这种损伤还会降低纤溶活性[28]。白细胞迁移和血小板粘附导致微血栓形成和组织缺氧。
怀孕期间同型半胱氨酸水平升高可导致多种并发症,如先兆子痫(PE)、早孕流产、胎盘早剥(PA)、胎儿宫内生长受限(IUGR)、静脉血栓形成等。这些水平与同型半胱氨酸对血管内皮功能的影响、促氧化和血栓栓塞活性升高有关[29-33]。这些因素导致血流动力学胎盘紊乱,这可能是与内皮胎盘功能障碍相关的妊娠并发癥的关键因素[34-35]。本研究结果显示,重度子痫前期组新生儿的出生体重、出生孕周及出生后1 min评分均显著低于轻度子痫前期组及正常妊娠组,而相关系数分析同样可以支持这一结论,说明HHcy可导致不良新生儿结局,与既往学者研究结果一致[36-38]。
综上所述,子痫前期孕妇Hcy水平与孕周增加和病情程度密切相关。高浓度的血清Hcy与重度子痫前期患者的不良新生儿密切相关。
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(收稿日期:2020-04-16)
[基金項目] 福建省福州市科技计划项目(2018-S-105-4);福建省自然引导性基金项目(2019D004)