天空花园改建——药草园，维也纳，奥地利

建筑设计：X建筑事务所

Architects: X ARCHITEKTEN

任务

维也纳维登区所具有的历史性和与市中心紧密连接的地理位置，使其成为了奥地利籍意大利家庭的最完美居所。唯一的不利条件在于私家室外空间的匮乏，在人口稠密的威尔曼城市，这是一种稀缺品。因此，一个小型的药草蔬菜花园加上室外休闲餐桌的新阳台，成为了家庭起居空间的补充。

扩建

现存的面向庭院的小阳台将被扩建（第一步），由于在历史建筑的朝街立面上建一座阳台几乎没有可能。户主家庭自然希望阳台尽可能大，但这个需求与庭院有限的可能性之间存在矛盾。

限制

在与邻里沟通的基础上，最大化扩建的结果是建一个梯形的平面（第二步）。所谓“形式追随极限”。

斜面

至于花园，户主家庭设想了一片环绕阳台的连续的种植区域（第三步）。种植槽的圆锥形式为植物提供了足够的空间生长和充分的深度扎根。

折叠

阳台外部精确的折叠近乎完美地回应了法规的限制和空间的参数，由此提供了插入庭院的最佳可能。几何形上的一道凹陷确保下层公寓起居室窗户所需的自然光（第四步）。在对侧，朝阳台内侧的折叠保证阳台与楼梯间窗户之间有足够的空隙（第五步）。这些严格的指导原则有助于创建有趣的形式和视觉效果，使这个阳台独一无二。

三角划分

通过表面的镜面反射（第六步）和表面的三角划分（第七步）创建具有不同倾斜度的表面形态。不同倾斜度的镜面投射出从未被察觉的外部环境。反射光线的阳台做着知觉实验，充满积极的效果，反射物通过自身镜像的大小拓展着庭院的有限空间。抛光的不锈钢表面形成一种特殊的深度效果。现在的庭院有着更丰富的天空视野和太阳光线，这些都以光的碎片的形式被引导进入庭院内部。

这种伪装策略带来的是一个私密的庇护所，仅仅在近距离观察时才会显露出阳台的形式。阳台内部的木地板与镜面、抽象的外部形成一种对比。可拆装的种植槽与覆层融为一体，为该空间提供多种植物，也为阳台增添一分隐秘感。

技术实施方案

阳台整体采用钢木结构。主梁与现有住宅砖结构的整合由两根悬臂梁完成，每根悬臂梁与刚性梁相连，安装并垂直锚定在墙上。由于车辆无法进入院落，大多数建筑构件必须制作得更小以方便人工运输。不锈钢覆层在木制模板的辅助下现场进行切割以达到最高精度。三角形镜面金属板粘在支撑结构上，并在几个选点上用铆钉另外加以固定。嵌在围栏上的种植槽可以被特制的起重机吊出来，这种起重机能够旋转和折叠，使植物能够在冬天存活。阳台的内部是平屋顶结构，采用了必需的防火覆层和保温材料。种植槽收入的雨水和废水，通过有盖的排水沟引入现存的落水管。阳台内部的木制覆层由经过热处理的灰板实现。□（庞凌波 译）

项目信息/Credits and Data

项目地点/Location: Weyringergasse, 1040 Wien

规划/Planning: X ARCHITEKTEN & Kopp Restauratoren

工程师/Engineering: Georg Walder

钢结构/Steelworks: Fikret und Feriz Nakicevic,Metalltechnik

建筑面积/Floor Area: 12 m²

竣工时间/Completion Time: 2017

摄影/Photos: Hans Leitner

1 阳台鸟瞰/Aerial view of the balcony

2 阳台内部的木质表面/The wooden cladding on the balcony inside

3-6 设计图解/Diagrams

7 阳台外部的精确折叠/The precise folding of the balcony' s outside

8 阳台内景/Interior view of the balcony

Task

The Viennese district Wieden with its historic character and proximity to the city centre is the perfect place to live for the Austrian-Italian family.The only downside is the lack of personal outdoor space, a scarce commodity in this densely populated Wilhelminian city. Therefore, a new balcony is to complement the family's living space with a small herb and vegetable garden as well as a dining table to enjoy mealtimes outside.

Extensions

The small existing balcony facing the courtyard is to be extended (step 1) as it is not possible to build a balcony on the historic façade facing the street. The family would like to enjoy the largest possible balcony but is confronted with the limited possibilities within the courtyard.

Limitations

The maximum extension has been discussed with the neighbours and the resulting design is a trapezoidal layout. (step 2), "Form Follows Limits".

Inclination

With regards to the garden, the family envisages a continuous planting area along the railings (step 3). The plant troughs' conical shape offers enough space for the plants to grow and sufficient depth for their roots.

Folding

The precise folding of the balcony's outside perfectly addresses the limiting legal and spacial parametres and therefore offers the best possible insertion into the courtyard. An indentation into the geometry ensures the required exposure to natural light for the living-room window of the apartment below (step 4). On the opposite side, a fold towards the balcony's inside makes sure that there is a big enough gap to the window of the stairwell (step 5).The strict guidelines help to create interesting forms and effects to individualise this balcony.

Triangulation

A topography of differently inclined partial surfaces are created through the surfaces'mirroring (step 6) and their triangulation (step 7). The differently inclined mirrors configure their surroundings as never previously perceived. The light reflecting balcony experiments with our perception and is full of positive effects. The reflections expand the courtyard's limited space by the size of its own mirror image. The polished surface of the stainless steel creates a special depth effect. The courtyard now has richer views towards the sky and rays of sunshine which are led all the way down into the courtyard as the light fragments.

This camouflage causes a private retreat which only gives away the shape of the balcony on closer inspection. The balcony's timber boards on the inside provide a contrast to the mirrored and abstract outside. Removable plant troughs,integrated into the cladding, offer space for plenty of vegetation, enhancing the balcony's privacy.

Technical Implementation

The structural system is a steel-wood construction. The integration of the main beams into the brick work of the existing house is completed by two cantilevers, which are each connected to a rigid beam, installed and vertically anchored into the wall. Most building parts had to be made smaller to be transported manually as there is no vehicular access to the courtyard. The stainless steel cladding is cut on site with the help of wooden templates to achieve utmost precision.The mirrored sheet-metal triangles are stuck to the supporting construction and additionally secured by rivets on selective points. The plant troughs inserted along the railings can be lifted out with the help of a specially-built crane device able to swivel and fold away, making it possible for the plants to survive in winter. The balcony's interior is a flatroof construction implemented with the required fire-resistant cladding and thermal insulation. The plant troughs' incoming rain and waste water is led into the existing downpipe through a covered gutter. The wooden cladding on the balcony's inside consists of thermally-treated ash boards. □ (Text: X ARCHITEKTEN.)

9 平面/Plan

10 剖面/Section

11.12 技术实施方案/Technical implementation

14 阳台外部的不锈钢覆层/The stainless cladding on the balcony outside

评论

胡恒：这个阳台设计告诉我们，当建筑手段解决不了复杂的社会限制及问题的时候，艺术也许可以。平心而论，这个扩建项目相当霸道。在如此局促的小天井里，在本来就占优势的高楼层位置，外挑出一个大阳台（面积几乎是天井的1/3，还延伸到公共楼梯间的窗户外面），怎么看都会引发公愤。可见，这个项目最核心的问题就是如何平息邻里（尤其是下层的住户）的不满甚至抵制之声。阳台底面的设计成了关键。我在脑海里罗列了一下可能的做法，发现目前这个多面“棱镜”拼合的设计也许是唯一解。第一，它虚化了阳台的体量，减少了对下层住户的压迫感。第二，它把天空及周边环境局部映射到“棱镜”拼块上，形成一幅当代艺术般的景象（这类艺术操作有很多）。

周渐佳：阳台作为一个过程。阳台最终的呈现如实地还原出公寓主人、建筑师与基地中包括采光、邻里、中庭等各种因素的协商的过程。阳台项目的基地是特殊的，需要关照上、下、内、外各个方向的关系。阳台的生成过程是动态的，从范围的框定、体量的进退、形体的斜切、材料的使用中能够读取到这些步骤与其背后影响因素的指向。其实更可以想象这样一个阳台以超越一户家庭的尺度与功能存在，设想它成为几户家庭或者一层共用的平台，就能成为对类似居住环境的有益补充。

15 阳台内景/Interior view of the balcony

16 阳台上的绿植/Plants on the balcony

Comments

HU Heng: This balcony design tells us that when architectural means can not tackle complicated social restrictions and problems, maybe the art can. Suffice to say, this expansion project is rather potent. In such a limited small patio, and at a higher floor, which has taken its advantages, such an outward hangover balcony (in an area of almost one third to the patio area, and extending outside the window of public staircase) can easily provoke resistance of the other residents. Therefore, the most central issue of the project in fact is how to appease neighbour's sentiment(especially in the lower floors) or even resistance.The design of the bottom of the balcony becomes the key. After sorting out possible methods in my mind,I found the current design, that is, a collaged prism,might be the only solution. First of all, it attenuates the volume of the balcony and reduces the sense of oppression to the below floor. Secondly, it reflects the sky and surrounding environment partially onto the prism, creating a piece of modern art work (there are many other similar art works). (Translated by QIAN Fang)

ZHOU Jianjia: The balcony as a process. The balcony's final result faithfully restores the negotiation between the apartment owner and the various factor of the site,including daylight, neighbourhood, atrium, etc. The site involves the relationship among up, below, inside,and outside directions, and the generation process is dynamic, the definition of site scope, the deliberation of volume, the oblique cut gesture and the deployment of material, the directions of these steps, and the influencing factors behind it can be read. It is possible to imagine the balcony becomes a shared platform for several families, even one floor, which can be a useful supplement to similar living environments.