陈华胜
▲风物篇
西施的故乡诸暨每年推出西施故里美食节,除了这道西施舌外,还有西施豆腐、西施醉月、西施藕、西施虾仁等,一道道菜点无不洋溢着浓郁的古越遗风。
在中国人的词汇中,豆腐是颇有些可联想的,占女人的便宜叫作“吃豆腐”,而女人如果卖起豆腐来,多会被冠以“豆腐西施”之名。
豆腐与西施沾上边,是因为有“西施豆腐”这道菜肴在先。据说,西施不但美貌非凡,而且也心灵手巧,擅长烹饪,曾以故乡诸暨盛产的葛粉调制豆腐羹,因其鲜美可口,邻里竞相仿制,称之为“西施豆腐”。
“西施豆腐”时下已经成了南方各地的一道名菜,究竟是不是用葛粉调制倒也未必了。至于“豆腐西施”的名号则还是拜鲁迅先生所赐。
鲁迅的《故乡》里有一个杨二嫂,年轻时开豆腐店,相貌很好,人颀长,眉毛极细,大家就喊她“豆腐西施”。杨二嫂这个人当然只是小说化的人物了。但“豆腐西施”自此成为一个文化典故,为人们所熟知。
近世,西施一词用得也有些多,稍有姿色的女子如从事叫卖吃食行当的,一概“升级”为西施,卖槟榔的叫“槟榔西施”,做小吃的叫“小吃西施”,甚至杭州城里有屠猪斩肉的女性,也冠以“肉店西施”的名号,跟如今年轻女子一概被称作美女有得一比。
美食如美人,都是让人赏心悦目的,大家爱不过来,割舍不去,于是,美人西施的身影也就频频地出现在中国人的餐桌上了。
最叫人浮想联翩的自然是一道叫“西施舌”的佳肴。
灼热冒烟的铁板上铺上厚厚的一层精盐,宛如冬天里的第一场白雪。将铁板烧烫,再将新鲜的蛏子放进盐中,被烫熟的蛏子既鲜嫩又肥美——关键还不在这里,蛏子还有一个美名:西施舌。一吻定情,你想这是什么寓意!
浙江三门多产海鲜,县志里记载:“蛏,蚌属,以田种之谓蛏田,形狭而长如中指,一名西施舌,言其美也。”蛏子的肉白嫩饱满,打开蛏壳倒确实像一条美人舌横亘其中。从海洋生物的分类来说,西施舌是软体动物门、蛤蜊科的海洋贝类。从这个意义上说,它跟我们平常所吃的蛤蜊也没有太大的区别。但人们既然将这么美好的名字赋予了它,自然也就不同一般了,浙人吃蛏子也就多了一份吴越遗风的味道。
蛏子除了铁板烧外,其实怎么烧都好吃,放汤爆炒,红烧白煮,西施舌么,怎么都是软玉温香。蛏子还可制成蛏干,这听起来多少有点唐突美人,美人迟暮都已经叫人感伤,何况还要晒干!但《红楼梦》里贾府一长溜的年货清单里,有海参五十斤、鹿筋二十斤、牛舌五十条,也有蛏干二十斤。可见蛏子是个好东西,贾府这样的奢华人家也好这一口。而这二十斤蛏干可不是个小数目,按当时的蛏田亩产来计算,大概需要上百亩蛏田产出才能晒成。晒成干后,当然少了鲜味,但却多了嚼劲,蛏干用来炖汤,其鲜无比,不过只能喝汤,蛏干就跟药引一样只能直接扔掉。
据说,清代一位叫郭钟岳的在温州当官,吃了三门的蛏子后写了一首《西施舌》的诗:“西施舌本尚留香,海客偏能数数尝。不在若耶溪上去,惭将颜色对吴王。”鲜美的味道,将人引入那段吴越争霸的前尘往事。
浙人对吴越往事总是津津乐道、念念不忘,而到了别的地方,人们就不会有那么多的感怀了。其实,我国从辽东沿海到南方海岸,很多地方都有西施舌。大连的饮食中有一道菜,就叫“瓜片西施舌”,天津也有西施舌的菜品。其中尤以福建、山东沿海地区出产的西施舌最为有名,只是指的已不是蛏子。
福建、山东不产蛏子,那儿的沿海地区把海蚌、沙蛤称作“西施舌”。
沙蛤呈厚实的三角扇形,外壳淡黄褐色,在水中常吐出一小截白肉,如美人的温香软舌,所以《闽中海错疏》里记载:“沙蛤上肉也,产吴航,似蛤蜊而长大,有舌白色,名西施舌。”清代徐珂的《清稗类钞》中也写道:“西施舌为闽产,以之为羹,甚鲜腴。”
当年,浙江的浪子郁达夫飘泊在福州,“吃尽了几百个蚌”,将此视为“此生的豪举”,并写了一篇《饮食男女在福州》以志口福。文章中写道:“福州的海蚌产于二三月,其肥美要算来自长乐蚌肉,色香味俱佳的神品就是海蚌的舌头部分。”——文人大多是吃货,郁先生的几百个蚌没有白吃,居然还吃出经验来,总结说当以鸡汤煮最为适宜。“鸡汤汆海蚌”这道菜肴确实可称作闽菜中的神品,想象一下,当鸡汤遇上西施舌,汤里飘浮的点点黄星鸡油衬托着白嫩柔滑的蚌肉,在一小盅里浑然一体……
海蚌,正如郁达夫所说,以长乐漳港出产者为最佳。该处恰好是咸淡水交汇之处,泥沙经海潮筛洗,洁白晶莹,形成一片不大的平坦浅海沙滩。由于这得天独厚的地理环境,出产的海蚌每个重二三两,最重不超过五两,肉质鲜嫩,味美无腥,为其他地方所不能及。据说,全世界唯有长乐漳港与意大利威尼斯出产如此鲜美的海蚌。不过,威尼斯人自然不会叫西施舌,至于他们会不会叫海伦舌之类的,没有考证,想必也没有国人之联想丰富。
20世纪30年代,梁实秋在青岛顺兴楼第一次品尝到西施舌:“一碗清汤,浮着一层尖尖的白白的东西,初不知何物,主人曰西施舌,含在口中有滑嫩柔软的感觉,尝试之下果然名不虚传。”
山东乃齐鲁之地,与吴越争霸的烽烟本是隔了一层的,但据说范蠡先生功成身退,带着美人西施泛舟出海是在山东,所以,这里的菜肴也就多了一些说法。胶南一带至今还流传着一个说法:西施与范蠡在逃生的路上失散了,西施自知孤单而易招不幸,于是故意咬断了自己的舌头吐于河中。那截舌头恰巧落在一只正张开着壳的海蚌中,具有仙胎的美人之舌自然不一般,竟然在蚌体内存活了,成了今天的美人舌。这则故事说得太过具象,反倒有些倒人胃口。
西施舌仲冬始有,过正月半即无,故采捕方法也较为独特,采捕季节主要在冬季。采捕者先以石碌碡碾压沙岸,使沙土平实,少顷视沙际,见有泡沫出,即知有此物,然后掘取之。至今胶州湾及日照沿海的群众仍沿用此法。
据说,“西施舌”这个名字还是风流成性的唐明皇命名的,有一次他吃了这种贝类做的汤——至于是三门的蛏子还是长乐的海蚌抑或是日照的沙蛤,书上没有记载——唐玄宗观之若乳汁,食之若甘醴,对其香鲜美味赞不绝口,当即赐名为“汆西施舌”。皇帝此时已经有贵妃在怀,还惦记着古时候的西施,不免有些得陇望蜀了,正所谓“吾未见好德如好色者也”,所以,好美食之人被稱为“饕餮”,亦是有道理的。
以西施命名的菜肴最流行的當然是在今天的浙江及苏南地区,也就是古代的吴越两国。
西施的故乡诸暨每年推出西施故里美食节,除了这道西施舌外,还有西施豆腐、西施醉月、西施藕、西施虾仁等,一道道菜点无不洋溢着浓郁的古越遗风。
“西施醉月”又叫“西施玩月”。想当年,吴王夫差得了美人西施后视为珍宝,在灵岩山上为西施建造了一座行宫,还开凿了一座池子,叫“玩月池”。西施常于明月之夜陪吴王赏月,借池中倒影与水中月影嬉戏。吴宫的厨师们便费尽心机制作了一道美味菜肴,用鱼肉、鸡肉和猪肉的肥膘细剁成泥,制成丸子,以鱼圆比作明月,盛器象征玩月池。此菜后来流至民间,便成为苏南一带的一道名菜。
传说西施有沉鱼落雁之貌,这个说法源于唐代诗人宋之问的一首诗:“一朝还旧都,靓状寻若耶。鸟惊入松萝,鱼畏沉荷花。”不过,惊鸟和大雁毕竟还是有些区别的,从严格意义上说,落雁的典故应该归王昭君,而沉鱼倒是西施的专利,因此,以西施命名的菜肴多跟鱼类水产有关,这自然也是应该的。
西施的美名既然有如此的号召力,历千百年而不衰,附会于西施的美食当然也就不仅局限于菜肴了。
嘉兴一带产一种李子,名叫槜(音同“醉”)李。这种果子外形扁圆,成熟后密缀黄点,外披一层白粉,咬一口肉色如琥珀,晶莹剔透。完熟后浆液极多,味鲜甜爽口,带有酒香,吃时只需在果皮上刺一小孔,慢慢吮吸果汁,吸完汁后只剩下皮和核。由于品质口感超群,槜李在中国“十大名李”当中一直位居首位,是水果精品当中的精品,也是浙江省唯一列入濒危抢救保护的果树品种。更令人称奇的是果子的底部常有一道“细月痕”,传说,这是西施的指甲痕。
巧合的是,槜李也是一个古代的地名,挑起吴越两国连绵战争的正是一场槜李之战。周敬王二十四年(公元前496年)五月,越王允常死去,吴王阖闾积多年的怨愤,乘丧起兵伐越。越国嗣王句践率兵抵御,双方在槜李(今嘉兴西南)摆开战场。战事进行得血腥而残酷:越国的勇士们二三十人一队走到阵前,毅然决然地掏出短剑刺入自己的胸膛——注意:不是敌人的胸膛,而是自己的胸膛!——这一批倒下去,另一批敢死队又来到阵前如法炮制。这样的自杀式袭击,让吴国的战士惊骇不已。而越国的大军趁势发起了攻击……此战以越胜吴败而告终,吴王阖闾也受伤不治而死,临终叮嘱儿子必报此仇。这之后,便是夫差为阖闾报仇、句践为自己报仇的一系列吴越纷争了。西施的指甲痕留在一颗小小的槜李上,她是在叹息冤冤相报何时了吗?
相比之下,有一种叫“西施银芽”的茶叶就显得平和冲淡了。西施银芽是一种产于诸暨市斯宅乡的绿茶,是诸暨市为纪念重建西施殿而于1986年创制成功的。泡上一杯西施银芽,茶叶在杯中浮沉有序,芽尖直立,象一朵朵兰花嫣然微笑,细细品尝,香高味鲜,顿觉心逸神舒。人生的滋味,总还是这般为佳。
(本文图片由视觉中国提供)
All the Delicacies Associated with Xi Shi the Beauty
By Chen Huasheng
In Zhuji, a food festival is held annually in honor of Xi Shi the Beauty. In the local cuisine, quite a few delicacies are named after the ancient beauty. The tradition has a long history.
Lu Xun (1881-1936), one of the greatest writers of the 20th-century China, wrote a story in which there is a woman called Tofu Xi Shi. The nickname sticks and is picked up in everyday use of the Chinese language. If a pretty girl is engaged in sales of tofu, she will naturally be called Tofu Xi Shi. There are similar names such as betel nut Xi Shi, snack food Xi Shi. It was once reported that a woman working in a butchers shop in Hangzhou was known as butchers Xi Shi. All these nicknames for young women engaged in business sales come from Xi Shi. And there are many culinary delicacies named after Xi Shi the Beauty.
Most popular of them is Xi Shi Tongue. It is a seafood delicacy made of clam meat. Folklore says that the delicacy was named by an emperor of the Tang Dynasty. In Shandong and Fujian provinces, Xi Shi Tongue is very popular though the dish in these two coastal provinces is made of oyster meat because clams are not easily available. In Chinese literature, there are essays by well known writers such as Yu Dafu and Liang Shiqiu about their experience of enjoying the delicacy for the first time. Yu Dafu during his stay in Fuzhou, capital city of Fujian Province south to Zhejiang Province, boasts his clam eating experience there in an essay. The clams he ate during his stay in Fuzhou added up to several hundreds. According to Yu, the best clams were produced on a relatively small beach in Zhanggang, Changle, which is now a district of Fuzhou. Liang Shiqiu wrote about his first taste of Xi Shi Tongue in a restaurant in Qingdao in the 1930s in an essay.
Digging up clams from a beach requires a skilled operation. The harvest season is in winter. Usually a worker rolls a heavy stone roller on the beach, waits for a while and then bubbles will come up from underneath. These small holes where bubbles come up locate clams beneath. This traditional practice is still in use in Shandong Province.
A look at the delicacies named after Xi Shi doesnt reveal exactly what ingredients are used in a dish. Take Xi Shi Moon for example. King Fuchai of the Wu State built a moon pool on the palace compound for Xi Shi. It is said that the palace chefs created such a dish designed to remind the eaters of the moon pool Xi Shi was enjoying. It is a dish of fish balls. The dish later became popular in the south of Jiangsu. Of course, most dishes named after Xi Shi are found in the cuisines of Zhejiang and southern Jiangsu, where the Wu and the Yue states were.
There is a dish of sliced lotus root named after Xi Shi and there is a dish of shelled shrimp also named after Xi Shi. Some say that Zuili Plum is also associated with Xi Shi. Zuili was the place where the Wu and the Yue clashed in a fierce battle over 2,000 years ago. The plum produced in this area is very special, bearing a light mark on the fruit. Some people say it is a nail trace left by Xi Shi. In Xi Shis hometown Zhuji there is a tea brand called Xi Shi Silver Buds. The tea was branded in 1986, the year when Xi Shi Memorial Temple was restored in Zhuji.