王晓丽 刘永华 江锦红
[摘要] 目的 探討IDH1-R123与Notch1双突变对儿童急性T淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的作用及机制。 方法 选择2016年5月~2017年12月丽水市人民医院儿童ALL患者58例作为对象,所有患者入院后均完成IDH1-R123与Notch1双突变基因测序,确定IDH1-R123与Notch1双突变在儿童急性T淋巴细胞白血病中的突变率及突变特征,入组患者均给予诱导、巩固及维持治疗,两组治疗后均完成24个月随访,比较突变儿童与非突变儿童生化指标、临床特征及预后。 结果 58例儿童ALL患者中33例IDH1-R123与Notch1双突变,突变率为56.90%;突变儿童血WBC计数、平均血红蛋白高于非突变儿童(P<0.05);突变儿童平均血小板数低于非突变儿童(P<0.05);ALL IDH1-R123突变25例,占43.10%,突变位于WD40区域,且均为点突变;Notch1突变8例,占13.79%,突变位点主要位于HD区域和PEST结构域。其中,HD突变5例,占62.50%,均为氨基酸位点为233;PEST结构域3例,占37.50%;突变儿童与非突变儿童6个月、12个月生存率无统计学意义(P>0.05);突变儿童18个月、24个月生存率低于非突变儿童(P<0.05)。 结论 IDH1-R123与Notch1双突变在儿童急性T淋巴细胞白血病中突变率较高,且与患者不良预后有关,有助于指导临床诊疗。
[关键词] IDH1-R123突变;Notch1突变;儿童急性T淋巴细胞白血病;临床特征
[中图分类号] R733.71 R730.7 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2020)18-0015-04
Mechanism of IDH1-R123 and Notch1 mutations in pediatric acute T lymphocytic leukemia
WANG Xiaoli LIU Yonghua JIANG Jinhong
Department of Hematology, Lishui People's Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Lishui 323000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of IDH1-R123 and Notch1 double mutations on pediatric acute T lymphocytic leukemia(ALL). Methods From May 2016 to December 2017, 58 children with ALL in Lishui People's Hospital were selected as subjects. All patients completed IDH1-R123 and Notch1 double mutation genes sequencing after admission, so as to determine the mutation rate and mutation characteristics of IDH1-R123 and Notch1 double mutations in pediatric acute T lymphocytic leukemia. All patients were given induction, consolidation and maintenance for treatments. The two groups were followed up for 24 months after treatment. The biochemical indicators, clinical characteristics, and prognosis of children with mutation and non-mutation were compared. Results Among the 58 children with ALL, there were 33 cases with IDH1-R123 and Notch1 double mutations, and the mutation rate was 56.90%. The blood WBC count and average hemoglobin in the children with mutation were higher than those of children without mutation(P<0.05). The average platelet count of children with mutation was lower than that of children without mutation(P<0.05). There were 25 cases of ALL IDH1-R123 mutations, accounting for 43.10%. The mutations were located in the WD40 region and were all point mutations. There were 8 cases of notch1 mutation, accounting for 13.79%. The mutation sites were mainly located in the HD region and the PEST domain. Among them, there were 5 cases of HD mutations, accounting for 62.50%, which were all at the amino acid site of 233; there were 3 cases in PEST domain, accounting for 37.50%. The differences in the 6-month and 12-month survival rates of children with mutation and without mutation were not statistically significant(P>0.05). The survival rate of children with mutation at 18 and 24 months was lower than that of children without mutation(P<0.05). Conclusion IDH1-R123 and Notch1 double mutations have a higher mutation rate in children with acute T lymphocytic leukemia, and are associated with poor prognosis of patients, which can help guide clinical diagnosis and treatment.
[Key words] IDH1-R123 mutations; Notch1 mutation; Pediatric acute T lymphocytic leukemia; Clinical characteristics
急性T淋巴细胞白血病(Acute T lymphocytic leukemia,ALL)是一种起源于淋巴细胞的B系、T系细胞在骨髓内异常增生的恶性肿瘤[1]。异常增生的原始细胞能在骨髓聚集并抑制正常造血功能,严重者可侵及骨髓外组织,影响患者健康、生活[2]。数据报道显示[3]:ALL好发于0~9岁儿童,占儿童白血病的70.0%以上,且临床上根据ALL不同生物学特征制定相应的治疗方案能获得良好的效果,80.0%儿童及30.0%成人能获得长期无病生存,亦具有治愈可能。Notch1信号通路异常在ALL中发生率为50.0%以上,多发生在HD区(异二聚体结构域)和PEST结构域[富含脯氨酸(Proline-rich,P)及谷氨酰胺(Glutamine,E)中[4]]。临床研究表明[5]:Notch1信号通路异常激活的另一个重要机制为IDH1-R123发生突变,导致Notch1信号泛素连接酶介导的降解受到抑制。而IDH1-R123突变主要发生在WD40结构域。IDH1-R123与Notch1信号通路突变可能对ALL儿童预后产生影响,但是具体机制尚未明确[6]。因此,本研究以儿童ALL患者作为对象,探讨IDH1-R123与Notch1双突变在儿童ALL中的作用及机制,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择2016年5月~2017年12月丽水市人民医院儿童ALL患者58例作为对象,男32例,女26例,年龄0~12岁,平均(6.39±1.57)岁;病程1~6个月,平均(3.23±0.59)个月。纳入标准:(1)均符合儿童ALL诊断标准[7],均经生化指标、影像检查最终确诊者;(2)均能遵医完成IDH1-R123与Notch1双突变检测,且患儿均可耐受;(3)给予诱导、巩固及维持治疗者。排除标准:(1)合并精神异常、自身免疫系统疾病或伴有器质性疾病者;(2)合并精神异常、认知功能障碍或伴有其他部位恶性肿瘤者[8]。本研究得到医院伦理委员会批准,患儿家属均签署同意书。
1.2 仪器与设备
高速离心机(Thmorgan公司)、EDTAK2抗凝管(美国Becton Dickinson公司)、细胞计数器(美国Beckman coulter公司)、IDH1-R123;Notch1基因DNA试剂盒(美国GenElute公司)、生理盐水(陕西济生制药有限公司)。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 IDH1-R123与Notch1双突变基因检测 所有患者入院后均完成IDH1-R123与Notch1双突变基因测序,确定IDH1-R123与Notch1双突变在儿童急性T淋巴细胞白血病中的突变率及突变特征[9]。①标本采集。入组儿童入院后次日早晨取骨髓标本,完成单个核细胞的收集,并完成总DNA的提取。在无菌条件下,将儿童的骨髓放置在EDTAK2抗凝管中,采用生理盐水进行稀释,并滴加到淋巴分离液中,20 min离心,速度7500 rpm,取中間白膜层即为单个核细胞[10];②检测方法。取上述收集的单个核细胞并完成计数后,采用IDH1-R123;Notch1基因DNA试剂盒完成上述细胞总DNA的提取,并放置在-20℃冰箱中保存,完成IDH1-R123与Notch1双突变基因测序,确定IDH1-R123与Notch1双突变在儿童急性T淋巴细胞白血病中的突变率及突变特征[11]。
1.3.2 治疗方法 入组患者均给予诱导、巩固及维持治疗。①诱导治疗。所有儿童均采用VDCLP方案进行诱导治疗,具体治疗方案如下:注射用硫酸长春地辛 (杭州民生药业有限公司,国药准字H20057028,规格:1 mg)(第1、8、15及22天)3 mg/m2、柔红霉素(山东新时代药业有限公司,国药准字H20083726,规格:20 mg)(第1~3天、15~16天)40 mg/m2、环磷酰胺(山西普德药业有限公司,国药准字H14023686,规格:0.2 g)(第1、15天)750 mg/m2、左旋门冬酰胺酶(北京双鹭药业股份有限公司,国药准字H20057369,规格5000 U)(第11、14、17、20、23及26天)6000 U/m2、泼尼松(浙江仙琚制药股份有限公司,国药准字H33021207,规格:5 mg)(第1~14天,15~28天药物逐渐减停);②巩固强化治疗。29例选择CAM方案强化治疗。环磷酰胺(山西普德药业有限公司,国药准字H14023686,规格:0.2 g)(第1、8天)750 mg/m2,阿糖胞苷(国药一心制药有限公司,国药准字H20055127,规格:100 mg)(第1~3天、8~11天)100 mg/m2、6-巯基嘌呤(陕西兴邦药业有限公司,国药准字H61021058,规格50 mg)(第1~7天)60 mg/m2;29例患者采用甲氨蝶呤+左旋门冬酰胺酶方案进行治疗。甲氨蝶呤(上海上药信谊药厂有限公司,国药准字H31020644,规格:2.5 mg)3 g/m2,维持静滴24 h;左旋门冬酰胺酶(北京双鹭药业股份有限公司,国药准字H20057369,规格:5000U)(第3~4天)6000 U/m2;维持治疗:所有儿童均给予6-巯基嘌呤+甲氨蝶呤治疗。取6-巯基嘌呤(第1~7天)60 mg/m2;甲氨蝶呤(第1~8天)20 mg/m2,每30天为1个疗程,6个月重复强化治疗[12]。
1.4 观察指标
(1)生化指标。两组入院后取外周空腹静脉血3 mL,35 min离心,离心速度3000 rpm,血清分离后采用全自动生化分析仪测定患儿WBC计数、平均血红蛋白、平均血小板数[13];(2)儿童ALL IDH1-R123与Notch1双突变特征。记录ALL患儿IDH1-R123与Notch1双突变特征。(3)ALL 儿童IDH1-R123、Notch1双突变与预后关系。患儿治疗后均完成24个月随访,记录患儿6、12、18、24个月生存率。
1.5 统计学方法
采用SPSS18.0统计学软件进行处理,计数资料用[n(%)]表示,采用χ2检验,计量资料用(x±s)表示,采用t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 不同突变患者生化指标比较
58例儿童ALL患者中33例IDH1-R123与Notch1双突变,突变率为56.90%;突变儿童血WBC计数、平均血红蛋白高于非突变儿童(P<0.05);突变儿童平均血小板数低于非突变儿童(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2 ALL儿童IDH1-R123与Notch1双突变特征
58例儿童ALL患者中IDH1-R123突变25例,占43.10%,突变位于WD40区域,且均为点突变;Notch1突变8例,占13.79%,突变位点主要位于HD区域和PEST结构域。其中,HD突变5例,占62.50%,均为氨基酸位点为233;PEST结構域3例,占37.50%。见图1、2。
2.3 ALL儿童IDH1-R123、Notch1双突变与预后的关系
突变儿童与非突变儿童6个月、12个月生存率无统计学意义(P>0.05);突变儿童18个月、24个月生存率低于非突变儿童(P<0.05)。见表2。
3 讨论
ALL好发于儿童中,是指前体B、T或成熟B淋巴细胞发生克隆性异常增殖引起的恶性疾病[14-15]。ALL病因复杂,普遍认为与遗传、环境、病毒感染,免疫缺陷等因素有关,且不同因素能相互作用相互影响,导致患儿治疗预后较差[16-17]。目前,临床上对于ALL缺乏有效的治疗方法,常用方法多以诱导、巩固及维持治疗为主,虽然能提高患者生存期,但是患儿预后受到的影响因素较多,不同因素能相互作用、相互影响[18]。目前,临床上对于ALL的研究主要根据细胞遗传学、分子遗传学及表观遗传学对患者危险度进行评估。细胞遗传学指标是指常规的染色体核型,能作为白血病的独立预后因素[19-20]。近年来,随着医疗技术及分子遗传学的不断发展,基因突变等指标对染色体核型分组得到进一步细化[21-22]。本研究中,58例儿童ALL患者中33例IDH1-R123与Notch1双突变,突变率为56.90%;突变儿童血WBC计数、平均血红蛋白高于非突变儿童(P<0.05);突变儿童平均血小板数低于非突变儿童(P<0.05);ALL IDH1-R123突变25例,占43.10%,突变位于WD40区域,且均为点突变;Notch1突变8例,占13.79%,突变位点主要位于HD区域和PEST结构域。其中,HD突变5例,占62.50%,均为氨基酸位点为233;PEST结构域3例,占37.50%,说明儿童ALL常伴有IDH1-R123与Notch1双突变,能直接参与疾病的发生、发展,亦可对患儿预后产生影响。国外学者研究表明[23]:IDH1-R123与Notch1双突变能预测患者预后,且双突变患儿预后较差。国内学者[24-25]以ALL患儿87例患者作为对象,结果表明:IDH1-R123与Notch1双突变尚不能作为患儿不良预后的指标,但是上述研究并未进行对比单基因突变与双基因突变对预后的影响。Notch1基因最初是在伴有t(7:9)(q34;q34.3)的ALL患者中发现,但是突变率较低。临床研究表明:Notch1基因易位使TCRβ基因坐插入到Notch1基因中,引起Notch1大部分胞外区缺失,从而产生截断的Notch1蛋白。IDH1-R123则具有组成性不依赖配基结合的活性,当机体内伴有IDH1-R123基因突变时,能为ALL的发生提供直接证据[26-27]。为了进一步分析IDH1-R123与Notch1双突变在儿童急性T淋巴细胞白血病中的作用机制,本研究中对入组的ALL儿童进行24个月随访,结果表明:突变儿童与非突变儿童6个月、12个月生存率无统计学意义(P>0.05);突变儿童18个月、24个月生存率低于非突变儿童(P<0.05),说明ALL儿童IDH1-R123与Notch1双突变远期预后较差,死亡率较高。因此,加强儿童ALL IDH1-R123与Notch1双突变检测能评估患儿的预后,指导临床治疗[28];同时,患儿治疗过程中可加强其基因突变的测定,善于根据测定结果调整治疗方案,使得患儿的临床治疗更具科学性[28,29]。
综上所述,IDH1-R123与Notch1双突变在儿童急性T淋巴细胞白血病中突变率较高,且与患者不良预后有关,有助于指导临床诊疗。
[参考文献]
[1] 李香,沈莉菁,陈芳源,等. Notch1高表达急性T淋巴细胞白血病发病中细胞增殖的相关机制[J]. 国际输血及血液学杂志,2018,41(5):369.
[2] Maria Winqvist,Fariba Mozaffari,Marzia Palma,et al. Phase I–II study of lenalidomide and alemtuzumab in refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL):Effects on T cells and immune checkpoints[J]. Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy,2017,66(1):91-102.
[3] 陈秀丽,王诗芬,许贞书. NOTCH1突变与慢性淋巴细胞白血病Richter转化的关系研究进展[J]. 中华血液学杂志,2018,39(9):787-789.
[4] Arnaud Petit,Amélie Trinquand,Sylvie Chevret,et al. Oncogenetic mutations combined with MRD improve outcome prediction in pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia[J]. Blood,2017,131(3):blood-2017-04-778829.
[5] 张琳,陆超,李天宇. 急性T淋巴细胞白血病相关长链非编码RNAT-ALL-R-LncR1的发现、鉴定及其功能研究[J]. 山东医药,2017,57(40):42-44.
[6] A Moafi,A Zojaji,R Salehi,et al. The correlation between Pax5 deletion and patients survival in Iranian children with precursor B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia[J]. Cellular and Molecular Biology(Noisy-le-Grand,France),2017,63(8):19.
[7] 田新,王亚丽,陈晶佩,等. 儿童急性淋巴细胞及急性髓系白血病基因突变研究进展[J].中华实用儿科临床杂志,2017,32(3):172-176.
[8] 左英熹,贾月萍,吴珺,等. 嵌合抗原受體T细胞治疗儿童复发、难治急性B淋巴细胞白血病48例的长期疗效分析[J]. 中华血液学杂志,2019,40(4):270-275.
[9] Tiziana Vaisitti,Federica Gaudino,Samedy Ouk,et al. Targeting metabolism and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Richter syndrome cells by a novel NF-kB inhibitor[J]. Haematologica,2017,102(11):haematol.2017.173419.
[10] 温春媚,李自宣,王禹,等. PD-1在急性T淋巴细胞白血病细胞中的表达及其临床意义[J]. 中国肿瘤生物治疗杂志,2019,26(7):768-775.
[11] 翁雯雯,汤永民. 嵌合抗原受体T细胞在急性淋巴细胞白血病治疗中的研究进展[J]. 中华儿科杂志,2019, 57(8):643-646.
[12] Stefano Molica,Diana Giannarelli,Rosanna Mirabelli,et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia international prognostic index(CLL-IPI) in patients receiving chemoimmuno or targeted therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Annals of Hematology,2018,97(6):1-4.
[13] 张娜,沈树红,王宁玲,等. 年长儿童及青少年急性淋巴细胞白血病多中心临床研究[J].中华血液学杂志,2018, 39(9):717-723.
[14] Hank Rui. Abstract 4068:HH-002,a derivative of homoharringtonine,show promsing in diverse cancer models in preclinical characterization[J]. Cancer Research,2017, 77(13 Supplement):4068.
[15] 李曾莉,刘文君. 微小RNA调控的信号通路在急性淋巴细胞白血病耐药中的研究进展[J]. 国际输血及血液学杂志,2019,42(4):344-350.
[16] Silky Jain,Sandeep Jain,Gauri Kapoor,et al. No impact of disease and its treatment on bone mineral density in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia[J]. Pediatric Blood & Cancer,2017,64(4):e26271.
[17] 杨秀花,闫洁,潘长鹭,等. 数据标准化处理在急性淋巴细胞白血病儿童营养状况分析与营养不良风险筛查中的应用[J]. 中华临床营养杂志,2019,27(2):96-100.
[18] Jie Peng,Bin Fu,Gan Fu,et al. Effect of NPM1 type B mutation on the proliferation,invasion and chemosensitivity of THP-1 leukemia cells[J]. Pharmazie,2017,72(10):608-613.
[19] 陈秀丽,王诗芬,许贞书. NOTCH1突变与慢性淋巴细胞白血病Richter转化的关系研究进展[J]. 中华血液学杂志,2018,39(9):787.
[20] Yingchi Zhang,Yufeng Gao,Hui Zhang,et al. PDGFRB mutation and tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in Ph-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia[J]. Blood,2018,131(20):blood-2017-11-817510.
[21] 唐善浩,陆滢,张丕胜,等. Ikaros家族锌指蛋白1基因突变是成人费城染色体阳性急性淋巴细胞白血病预后不良因素[J]. 中华内科杂志,2019,58(4):301-306.
[22] Ay■e Bar?覦■,Ha■im Gencer,Nazan Dalg?覦?觭,et al. Magnusiomyces capitatus peritonitis in a child with acute lymphocytic leukemia as a breakthrough infection during caspofungin therapy[J]. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal,2017,36(12):1.
[23] 曹江,韓笑,徐开林. CD19嵌合抗原受体T细胞治疗后急性B淋巴细胞白血病的复发机制及对策防治[J]. 国际输血及血液学杂志,2019,42(2):103-108.
[24] Hamid Bolouri,Jason E Farrar,Timothy Triche Jr,et al. The molecular landscape of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia reveals recurrent structural alterations and age-specific mutational interactions[J]. Nature Medicine,2018,24(1):103.
[25] 房建铭,田新,杨春会,等. 93例儿童急性B淋巴细胞白血病IKZF1基因缺失的临床研究[J]. 国际输血及血液学杂志,2018,41(6):480-484.
[26] Anne-Laure Gagez,Isabelle Duroux-Richard,Stéphane Leprêtre,et al. miR-125b and miR-532-3p predict efficiency of the rituximab-mediated lymphodepletion in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. A FILO study[J]. Haematologica,2017,102(4):haematol.2016.153189.
[27] 王天怡,汤静燕,李本尚. 酪氨酸激酶抑制剂在儿童Ph阳性急性淋巴细胞白血病的治疗进展[J]. 国际输血及血液学杂志,2017,40(4):344-348.
[28] Baliakas P,Mattsson M,Hadzidimitriou A,et al. No improvement in long-term survival over time for chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients in stereotyped subsets #1 and #2 treated with chemo(immuno)therapy[J]. Haematologica,2018,103(4):e158.
[29] Leiming Xia,Qian Chen,Qiao Li,et al. Abstract CT041:The clinical study on CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells in patient with Richter syndrome[J]. Cancer Research,2017,77(13 Supplement):CT041.
(收稿日期:2020-01-15)