朱晓芳
语音教学是小学英语教学的重要内容之一。《义务教育英语课程标准(2011 年版)》中的语言知识二级标准对小学生的语音学习给出了明确要求:正确读出26个英文字母;了解简单的拼读规律等。译林版《英语》是一套以三年级为起点的教材,Letter time 板块编排在三上教材中,Sound time 板块分布于三下至六下教材中,前后共编排了26 个字母和17 个字母组合在单词中的基本读音,此外还涉及一些句子的重读、连读及语调等,主要强调语音、语调的练习。
虽然译林版《英语》教材以三年级为起点,但不少地区从一年级就开始教英语,到了三年级,学生已经具备一定的单词拼读能力和初步的文本阅读能力。因此,在这些区域,小学英语语音教学不仅要基于现行教材,更要基于课程标准,对教材中的Letter time 和Sound time 板块进行相应的调整:在一年级下学期完成26 个字母的教学;从二年级上学期起着重培养低年级学生“见词能读、听音能拼”的能力,同时对教材各单元的目标词汇提“四会”要求;自三年级下学期起重构教材Sound time 板块,强化语音意识培养,同时将音形义三者相结合,细化语音规则,并有计划地拓展课外阅读,以拼读促阅读,从而提升学生的自主阅读能力。
在译林版《英语》三下Unit 8We are twins(Fun time & Sound time)一课的教学中,教师引领学生将字母n 的发音及拼读规律的学习融于以含有字母n 的绘本为语料、以Who is...? He/She is ...目标句型为支架、以小组合作为方式的语言实践活动中。教师梳理语音要点,帮助学生建构字母与其发音之间一一对应的关系,并促使学生将语音知识迁移至新词的学习中,从而自然地习得发音规则。此外,本节课的语音教学与自主阅读同步进行,学生在故事情境中学习、内化、运用语音知识,并以拼读促阅读。
Warm up
学生欣赏、跟唱歌曲Look at my family photo.
学生跟唱歌曲(歌曲涵盖本单元的目标词汇及关于人物关系的新词),既激活已学知识,又拓宽知识面,更能为语言输出奠定基础。此外,韵律感十足的歌曲可激发学生的学习热情。
Free talk(Revision)
T: There are some people here. Do you know them? You can guess.
游戏:Quick response
Who’s he(that boy)? He’s Mike./Who’s he(that man)?He’s Mike’s uncle./Who’s she(that girl)?She’s Yang Ling./Who’s she(that woman)?She’s Yang Ling’s aunt./Who are they(the girls)? They’re Su Hai and Su Yang. They are twins.
词不离句,句不离境是英语教学的基本原则,所以语音在特定语境的词句游戏中更易被学生理解与掌握。在快速问答环节中,学生整体回顾Story time 板块的内容,同时围绕Unit 4My family(Story time)中出现的人物,用句型Who is...?对人物关系进行问答。通过问答,学生感悟字母n 在不同单词中的发音,从而建立起字母和语音之间的对应关系并提升习得新单词的能力。
T:(呈现一张婴儿的照片)Who is it? It’s a baby. We don’t know who it is.
游戏:Guessing Time
T: Look,it was him several years ago. Now he is a boy.I give you some information about him-N(name):Nick,n(age):nine,n(thing):a new book. Can you say something about him?
T: This is a girl. Who is she?I give you some information about her-N(name):Nancy,n(age):ten,n(thing):a pen. Can you say something about her?
T: Please say something about Nick and Nancy.First,please read the sentences together.Then read them quickly.
交互式电子白板中的大转盘转出一张baby的图片(见图1),教师以看不出性别为悬念,同时强调用it 来指代婴儿,自然导入本课的新授内容。此环节,教师以字母n 为提示,让学生猜一猜Nick 和Nancy的相关信息,在此过程中,教师巧妙地嵌入语音例词。学生根据提示图片猜出nine,ten,book,pen 等已学词后,再跟着节拍读歌谣:Nick is nine. Nancy is ten. Nick has a book. Nancy has a pen. 如此,学生便可在Chant中感受、理解n的发音规律。
学习Sound time板块
T: I know some words with“n”.Let’s chant together.
N N /n/ man man /n/,N N /n/ woman woman /n/,N N /n/ twin twin /n/,N N /n/ nine nine /n/,N N /n/ new new /n/
T: Do you know the other words with“n”?
Ss:Nice,green,now,China,bean...
以上环节,教师将稍显枯燥的语音教学与歌谣相结合,学生熟练掌握含有n 的例词后,进而回忆出更多带有n 的单词,这充分激活了学生的已学知识,能引导他们从平时积累的词汇中寻找发音规律,并大胆说出发音相同的单词。此外,学生边说单词边将单词写在白板上,这可以即时迁移语音规律,并激励其不断习得新词。学生按照字母与其发音之间的对应关系以及发音规律来拼读、拼背、拼写单词,避免了死记硬背,也减轻了学习负担。
Watch and Find
T:Watch the video ofLetters and sounds,then find the words with“n”.
学生边欣赏边跟唱国外原创歌谣Letters and sounds,他们在主题语境中循序渐进地把语音和语用融会贯通起来,同时感知语音的表意作用。节奏明快的歌谣有利于学生更好地掌握语音规则并区分相似音,同时能充分调动学生的积极性,还能在无形中渗透单词拼读的方法,从而降低单词学习的难度。
Listen and Choose
T: You have known so many words with“n”.Do you want to know more? Please listen to the story together. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the words with“n”.Choose the words with“n”.
What a din!
Kipper has a can .Biff has a pan.Chip has a tin.Dad has a bin.So Mum says:What a din!
学生人手一台交互式白板表决器,进行听故事选新词练习,如当音频播放Kipper has a can.时,学生要从教师提供的单词can 和cat中,选出听到的词can,以此类推,学生要从pan 和pet 中选出pan,从tip 和tin 中选出tin,从bin 和bit 中选出bin。学生在由音入词—见词说句—连句成篇的语音体验过程中,可自然生成绘本故事What a din!。这种方式很好地激发了学生的学习兴趣,增强了学生的语言输入量,同时也培养了其创造性思维。此外,在学生采用音图结合的方式进行听音朗读训练时,教师可根据电子白板反馈的学生答题情况,实时改进教学策略,从而有效地帮助学生建构字母与其在单词中的发音的关系。
Listen and Read
学生再次阅读绘本What a din!,同时关注Kipper一家的人物关系。
What a din!
Biff has a pan and a big,red pot.Chip has a tin.What has kipper got? Kipper has a can.Dad has a bin. Bang crash bang!What a din! What a din!
阅读拓展同听音感知、朗读巩固一样,都有助于夯实语音教学。将语音学习融入绘本故事阅读中,同时呈现绘本故事的画面,这有助于激发学生的学习兴趣,帮助学生迈出英语自主阅读的第一步。此外,对学生的词汇积累和语感培养也能起到积极的作用。
1.在朗读相似结构的故事中感知语音的节奏。绘本What a din!的语言结构比较单一,以一个关键句型“...has...”贯穿始终。相似的结构会减轻学生的语音学习负担,有利于学生的朗读和演绎。该绘本中许多带n 的新词,如din、pan、tin、can、bin,发音比较简单,学生在朗读时能较为容易地发现词汇的发音规律,同时能举一反三,习得更多的词汇。
2.在阅读多元词汇的故事中感受语音的丰富。绘本都有完整的情节和有趣的情境。绘本What a din!将带有n 的单词置于有意义的文本中,并为单词din、pan、tin、can、bin 着上了情感色彩,这有利于学生沉浸于故事中,并获得情感体验,从而更好地记忆单词。在三年级英语教学中,以故事为语料,在完整的情境中潜移默化地帮助学生把握语音规律,能让学生在学习伊始就认识到语音对于英语学习的重要性。
3.在表演故事的过程中感悟语音的魅力。绘本是深受学生喜爱的英语学习素材。学生在朗读、表演绘本时,能深入感知语音的魅力及美妙。课上,学生争先恐后地要扮演Mum,原因是他们想学妈妈说的那句表达自己极其不满各种噪音的话——What a din!
学习Fun time板块
T: Who can you see in the story?(出示Kipper一家的三张照片)
Students watch the video of making a family tree by Kipper first. And then say something according to Kipper’s family tree.
Kipper’s family tree
Hello! I’m Kipper. I am making my family tree.Look! This is me. I have a sister Biff and a brother Chip. The tall man is my father. The nice woman is my mother. Our mother has a brother. He’s my uncle. The woman in the hat is my aunt. She is my uncle’s wife.The old man is my grandfather. The old woman is my grandmother. They are my mother and my uncle’s parents.I love my family.
本课采用激活旧图式—建立新图式—迁移新图式的教法,由绘本What a din!引出主人公Kipper一家的全家福,然后谈论人物间的关系,这可帮助学生复习已学过的人物关系词汇,特别是带有n 的单词,同时能激活学生的已有图式,并帮助其建立字母、词汇、故事之间的联系。学生在小组合作中完成任务——制作家谱,建立新图式,并用新颖的方式来实现对新故事的朗读、理解。
Read,Make and Say
T: Kipper can make his family tree. He has six story books to read and make the family trees. Can you help him? I think all of you can do it.
My family(Level 1)
This is my mother.This is my father.This is my grandpa.This is my grandma.This is my uncle.This is my aunt.This is my sister.This is me. I’m Tony.This is my family.
The baby monkey’s family(Level 1)
Hello! My name is Baby Monkey.This is my family.This is my dad.This is my mum.This is my sister.This is my brother.This is my grandma.This is my pet... Shark! We are the monkey family!
Family(Level 2)
Hi,Mary!/Hello,Tom!/Mary,this is my grandma./Welcome!/This is Jack,my brother./He is big./My mom and dad./Nice to meet you./Nice to meet you,too./She is Linda,my sister./Oh!She is pretty!/And this is my little brother./Hello!/Aaah...
Nino’s family(Level 2)
Hello,my name is Bolooloo./What’s your name? My name’s Nino./Who is she? She is my mommy./Ahhhhh... Help./Who is he? He is my daddy./Who is he? Hahaha,he is my brother. So cute. She is my sister./Help! Help! Help! Help!/Who is she? She is my grandma./This is my family.
I love my family(Level 3)
This is my family./This is my father. He is handsome. He is a policeman. I like him. This is my grandfather.He is old.This is my grandmother.She is old,too. She likes swimming very much.This is my mother. She is pretty. They are my sister and brother. They are cute. They like to watch TV. They like cartoons. Finally,My name is Jill.I am 7 years old.I love my family.
Ben’s family(Level 3)
Look,what I have. It’s a camera. I’m going to take pictures of my family.This is my father. What is he doing? He is washing a car.This is my mother. What is she doing? She is cooking in the kitchen.This is my brother. What is he doing? He is blowing bubbles in the back yard.This is my grandfather. What is he doing?He is reading a book in the living room.This is my sister. What is she doing? She is playing the piano.These are photos of my family. Aren’t they great?
T: First, you should be a best reader.Choose the story you like,then read it by yourself. Next,you should be a great maker.Make the family tree in your group. Stick the photos of family members—Write down the names of the relation—Draw lines.Finally,you should be a super speaker. Talk about the other family tree. If you can ask three questions with“who”,then say something about it,you are the super speaker.
基于学生的词汇量,结合本单元的语音及词句学习目标,笔者创编了三种难度系数的六个小故事,同时还制作了六本图文结合并带录音示范的电子书。学生在平板电脑上听读自己喜欢又符合自己阅读能力的故事,模仿跟读录音示范,从而强化词汇音形义之间的联系。学生从独立运用单词到进行对话交流再到用关键词来解释人物关系,以点带面,迁移新图式,将故事内容串接了起来,同时思辨能力也能得到有效提升。
小组合作是强化语音体验、内化语音规律、提升语音素养的重要途径。学生从绘本中提取关键词,梳理人物关系。在弄清故事结构及人物关系的基础上,学生在小组一体机上完成Family tree 的制作,而最终的语言输出活动则是介绍家谱,介绍后,学生在组内评议出Best Reader,Great Maker,Super Speaker。
让学生运用所学语音规律进行自主阅读,让学生在同伴对话中边说边做,让学生在真实情境下组织语言描述人物关系,这有助于提高学生的语音及语用能力。构建以拼读促阅读的综合语用活动,可发展学生在语境中提出问题、分析问题和解决问题的能力,同时还能让学生经历重发现、重思考、重过程、重实践的学习过程。
阿基米德说过:给我一个支点,我可以撬起地球。重整再构Sound time 板块,合理优化语音教学,帮助学生掌握发音规律,提升“见词能读、听音能拼”的语音素养,就是给予学生一个撬动英语自主阅读的支点。如此,学生便能开启拼读领先、听读结合、促说带写的自主阅读之旅,进而全面提升英语学科核心素养。