帅建忠 徐晓燕 张成 黄振华
【摘要】 目的:對比腹横肌平面(transverses abdominis plane,TAP)阻滞和腰方肌(quadratus lumborum,QL)阻滞对睾丸下降固定术患儿术后疼痛的影响。方法:纳入2017年1月-2018年10月于成都市妇女儿童中心医院拟行单侧睾丸下降固定术+疝修补手术的2~7岁患儿80例,随机分为TAP组、QL组,每组40例。麻醉诱导后,两组在超声引导下分别行TAP阻滞和后路QL阻滞,两组术中均采用静脉+吸入复合麻醉维持。观察两组相关时间指标,疼痛情况,以及不良反应发生率。结果:两组手术时间、术毕拔出喉罩时间、苏醒时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),TAP组麻醉时间长于TAP组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组术后30 min、24 h FLACC评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),QL组术后2、6、48 h FLACC评分均低于TAP组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。TAP组补救镇痛发生率为30.0%,QL组为12.5%,差异无统计学意义(P=0.056);TAP组第1例补救镇痛发生于术后4 h,QL组术后第1例补救镇痛发生于术后8 h。QL组术后疼痛时间为(64.10±14.63)h,短于TAP组的(78.80±18.32)h,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。两组住院期间均未见穿刺部位感染、出血或血肿形成;TAP组术后恶心呕吐发生率为20.0%,QL组为17.5%,差异无统计学意义(字2=0.082,P=0.775)。结论:在睾丸下降固定术患儿术后镇痛中,与TAP阻滞相比,QL阻滞可更有效降低疼痛程度、缩短疼痛持续时间。
【关键词】 腹横肌平面阻滞 腰方肌阻滞 儿童 睾丸下降固定术
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the effect of transverses abdominis plane (TAP) block and quadratus lumborum (QL) block on the postoperative pain in pediatric patients after orchiopexy surgery under general anesthesia. Method: A total of 80 children aged 2~7 years who underwent unilateral testicular descending fixation and hernia repair in Chengdu Women and Children Central Hospital from January 2017 to October 2018 were selected, and were randomly divided into the TAP group and the QL group, 40 cases in each group. After anesthesia induction, TAP block and posterior QL block were performed under ultrasound guidance in both groups, anesthesia maintenance were administered by inhalation and intravenous anesthetics. The relative time index, pain condition and incidence of adverse reaction of two groups were observed. Result: There was no significant difference in operation time, laryngeal mask extraction time and recovery time between the two groups (P>0.05), TAP group anesthesia time was longer than the TAP group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the FLACC scores at 30 min, 24 h after operation between the two groups (P>0.05), and the FLACC scores at 2, 6, 48 h after operation in the QL group were lower than those in the TAP group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidence of remedial analgesia in the TAP group was 30.0%, and that in the QL group was 12.5%, the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.056). The first case of remedial analgesia in the TAP group occurred in 4 h after operation, the first case in the QL group occurred in 8 h after operation. The postoperative pain time was (64.10±14.63) h in the QL group, which was shorter than (78.80±18.32) h in the TAP group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). No puncture site infection, bleeding or hematoma formation was observed during hospitalization in both groups, the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was 20.0% in the TAP group and 17.5% in the QL group, the difference was not statistically significant (字2=0.082, P=0.775). Conclusion: In pediatric patients receiving orchiopexy surgery under general anesthesia, as compared with the TAP block, the QL block could provide improved postoperative analgesia and shorten the length of postoperative pain.
[Key words] Transverses abdominis plane block Quadratus lumborum block Pediatric Testicular descending fixation First-authors address: Womens and Childrens Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
睪丸固定术是儿科常见下腹部手术。临床观察及研究表明,睾丸固定术后疼痛较为明显,影响患儿自主活动及进食、睡眠等[1]。然而,曲马多或非甾体抗炎药镇痛效果欠佳或副作用耐受性差,多模式镇痛方式需进一步改善[1-2]。研究显示,局部神经阻滞可以改善下腹部手术后镇痛效果,已在小儿腹部手术后镇痛应用中取得一定进展[3]。腹横肌平面(transversus abdominis plane,TAP)阻滞与腰方肌(quadratus lumborum,QL)阻滞是新型神经阻滞方式,相关研究表明可为上腹部及下腹部手术提供良好的镇痛效果[4-5]。然而,目前国内儿童手术中QL阻滞与TAP阻滞效果对比研究证据尚缺乏。本研究拟在睾丸下降固定术患儿中,对比观察QL阻滞与TAP阻滞的镇痛效果及其对儿童术后康复的影响,具体如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
纳入2017年1月-2018年10月于成都市妇女儿童中心医院拟行单侧睾丸下降固定术+疝修补手术的患儿80例,患儿年龄2~7岁,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级。排除术前存在凝血功能障碍、穿刺局部感染或局麻药过敏史等神经阻滞禁忌证的患儿,以及意识障碍、精神异常等影响术后评估的患儿。研究采用前瞻性、随机、对照试验设计,所有患儿随机分为TAP阻滞组(TAP组)、QL阻滞组(QL组),每组40例。TAP组平均年龄(3.20±1.20)岁,平均体质指数(18.29±1.76)kg/m2;QL组平均年龄(3.35±1.15)岁,平均体质指数(18.51±2.92)kg/m2。两组年龄、体重指数比较差异无统计学意义(t=-0.571、-0.395,P=0.569、0.694),具有可比性。本研究通过医院伦理委员会批准,并获得患儿监护人知情同意书。
1.2 方法
所有患儿常规监测心电图(electrocardiogram,ECG)、无创动脉血压(noninvasive arterial blood,NBP)、脉搏血氧饱和度(pulse oxygen saturation,SpO2)、体温(temperature,T)、呼气末CO2分压(expiratory CO2 pressure,PetCO2)。采用丙泊酚(四川国瑞药业有限公司;批号:1912181)2 mg/kg、芬太尼(人福药业有限公司;批号:91D02101)3 μg/kg、顺式阿曲库铵(上海医药东英药业;批号:A11190905)0.1 mg/kg行麻醉诱导,而后置于喉罩。术中麻醉维持采用2.5%~3%七氟烷(上海恒瑞医药有限公司;批号:20021131),间断按需推注芬太尼1~2 μg/kg。
手术开始前,TAP组和QL组分别行TAP阻滞和后路QL阻滞。TAP组患儿平卧位,采用高频线性(7~10 MHz)超声扫描探头放置于腹壁旁正中线位置,逐渐向外滑行扫描辨识侧腹壁3层肌肉及腹横肌平面后,采用平面内进针法,直至腹横肌平面。回抽血、无气后给予0.2%罗哌卡因(阿斯利康;批号:2022-02NBCC)0.6 ml/kg,超声下观察局麻药液扩散情况。采用同样方法,行对侧TAP阻滞。QL组患儿平卧位,一侧髋部稍垫高,采用高频线性(7~10 MHz)超声扫描探头放置于背阔肌、髂嵴、腹外斜肌后缘之间的侧腹壁近腋中、后线位置。在腹外斜肌及腹内斜肌后方定位腰方肌,回抽血、无气后在腰方肌后侧给予0.2%罗哌卡因 (阿斯利康;批号:2022-02NBCC)0.6 ml/kg。采用同样方法,行对侧QL间隙阻滞。所有患儿术后FLACC评分>4分,即认定为镇痛不足,给予曲马多(德国格兰素有限公司,批号:00475P)20 mg/kg静脉注射补救镇痛。所有患者麻醉均由同一组医师操作;手术均由同一组医师实施。
1.3 观察指标及评估标准
记录两组相关时间指标,包括手术时间、麻醉时间、术毕拔出喉罩时间、苏醒时间。观察两组苏醒后30 min、2、6、24、48 h疼痛程度,采用FLACC疼痛行为量表评估,通过量化评价患儿表情、肢体运动、活动、哭泣、可安慰性5项内容综合判断疼痛程度,总分最低分为0分,最高位10分,得分越高,表明疼痛不适越明显[6];术后48 h内补救镇痛发生率;观察患儿术后疼痛消失时间(FLACC评分稳定为0分超过24 h)。观察术后恶心呕吐、穿刺点感染、出血等并发症发生率。
1.4 统计学处理
数据采用SPSS 21.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料先以K-S检验考察是否符合正态分布,当符合正态分布时,以(x±s)表示,采用t检验;不符合正态分布,采用中位数(四分位间距)表示,组间比较采用秩和检验,计数资料以率(%)表示,采用字2检验。检验水准α=0.05,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组相关时间指标比较
两组手术时间、术毕拔出喉罩时间、苏醒时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),TAP组麻醉时间长于TAP组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表1。
2.2 两组疼痛情况比较
两组术后30 min、24 h FLACC评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),QL组术后2、6、48 h FLACC评分低于TAP组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。TAP组补救镇痛发生率为30.0%(12/40),QL组为12.5%(5/40),差异无统计学意义(P=0.056);TAP组第1例补救镇痛发生于术后4 h,QL组术后第1例补救镇痛发生于术后8 h。QL组术后疼痛时间为(64.10±14.63)h,短于TAP组的(78.80±18.32)h,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。
2.3 兩组术后不良反应发生率比较
两组住院期间均未见穿刺部位感染、出血或血肿形成。TAP组术后恶心呕吐发生率为20.0%(8/40),QL组为17.5%(7/40),差异无统计学意义(字2=0.082,P=0.775)。
3 讨论
术后镇痛不良可对患儿术后进食、睡眠及康复产生不良影响,然而,由于评估困难及镇痛药物和技术有限,儿童手术后镇痛是围术期尚需进一步解决的难题[1,7-8]。睾丸下降固定术+疝修补术是幼儿和学龄前儿童常见手术,其术后疼痛程度较为明显。本研究对比研究了TAP阻滞与QL阻滞对该类手术患儿术后疼痛的影响。结果显示,TAP阻滞和QL阻滞均可有效控制术后疼痛,而QL阻滞效果更强,其FLACC评分更低。
超声引导下行TAP阻滞已在成人腹部手术后镇痛中得到较为广泛的应用,可减轻术后疼痛、促进康复。既往多项研究表明,在儿童腹部手术后,TAP阻滞亦具有良好的可操作性和安全有效性[9]。因此,在本研究中并未设置空白对照组与之对照。
QL阻滞是将局麻药注射于腰方肌周围间隙内,一方面可阻滞腰方肌周围间隙内行走的神经,另一方面亦可通过筋膜间隙扩散至椎旁间隙发挥神经阻滞作用[10-11]。从解剖结构及神经阻滞范围等方面而言,QL阻滞与TAP阻滞具有不同的机制[10]。相关研究表明,QL阻滞可以较广泛地阻滞下胸段及上腰段神经,在腹部手术及下肢髋关节手术围术期镇痛中具有良好的效果[5,12]。?ksüz等[2]对比发现在儿童下腹部手术中,QL阻滞镇痛效果优于TAP阻滞。然而,其纳入的受试者中兼有单纯疝修补术和睾丸下降固定术患儿。有研究表明,睾丸下降固定术患儿其术后疼痛程度和持续时间均显著高于疝修补术[1],因此,其研究有可能低估两种阻滞方式镇痛效果的差别。本研究仅纳入睾丸下降固定术+疝修补手术患儿,结果显示,QL阻滞组患儿术后2、6、48 h FLACC评分均低于TAP组,推测其原因与QL阻滞范围更广及效果更为确切有关。
此外,本研究显示QL组麻醉时间长于TAP组,主要与QL阻滞操作相对更为复杂有关,然其并不延长术后喉罩拔出时间和患儿苏醒时间。并且,值得注意的是,本研究发现QL组术后疼痛FLACC评分恢复0分时间短于TAP组。既往研究表明,预防性镇痛包括神经阻滞镇痛等,可抑制术后疼痛敏化,降低术后疼痛严重程度和持续时间[13]。由于两组神经阻滞均采用相同浓度和容量的局麻药,推测两组患儿术后疼痛持续时间及其术后48 h疼痛严重程度的差异可能与QL更显著地抑制痛觉敏化效应有关。此外,研究表明,神经阻滞等措施抑制术后疼痛敏化可有效防治术后慢性疼痛[14-15],然而本研究中尚无法明确两组患儿术后慢性疼痛发生率的差异。
本研究采用FLACC量表作为患儿术后疼痛评估工具,尽管其已被国内外广泛采用,由于其主要依据患儿面部表情、肢体动作等进行评估,准确性和稳定性仍存在一定局限性。此外,本研究表明QL组补救镇痛发生率低于TAP组,但检验分析未明确统计学意义,这可能与本研究样本量较少有关,亦是本研究的局限性之处。
综上所述,在睾丸下降固定术患儿术后镇痛中,与TAP阻滞相比,QL阻滞能更有效降低疼痛严重程度、缩短疼痛持续时间。
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(收稿日期:2020-03-18) (本文編辑:马竹君)