姜德颖
[摘要] 目的 研究產后深静脉血栓(DVT)患者血清CD40配体(CD40L)含量与凝血及血小板功能、炎症反应程度的相关性。 方法 选取2017年6月~2019年8月我院分娩后发生深静脉血栓的产妇作为DVT组,另选取同期我院分娩后健康的产妇作为对照A组及正常体检女性(未妊娠)作为对照B组。测定外周血中CD40L及凝血指标、血小板功能参数及炎症细胞因子。 结果 DVT组CD40L水平明显高于对照A组及对照B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。DVT组APTT、PT水平低于对照A组及对照B组,D-D、FIB水平明显高于对照A组及对照B组;对照A组APTT、PT水平低于对照B组,D-D、FIB水平明显高于对照B组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。DVT组PAF、P-selectin、vWF水平明显高于对照A组及对照B组,对照A组PAF、P-selectin、vWF水平明显高于对照B组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。DVT组TNF-α、IL-10、CRP水平明显高于对照A组及对照B组,对照A组TNF-α、IL-10、CRP的水平明显高于对照B组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CD40L与APTT、PT呈负相关,与D-D、FIB、PAF、P-selectin、vWF、TNF-α、IL-10、CRP呈正相关(P<0.05)。 结论 CD40L的增多能促进分娩后产妇的凝血、血小板聚集及活化炎症反应,从而增加深静脉血栓的发生率。
[关键词] 深静脉血栓;分娩;CD40配体;凝血功能;血小板活化;炎症反应
[中图分类号] R714.46 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2020)09-0052-04
[Abstract] Objective To study the correlation between serum CD40 ligand(CD40L) content and blood coagulation, platelet function, and inflammatory response in patients with postpartum deep venous thrombosis(DVT). Methods The women with DVT after delivery treated in our hospital from June 2017 to August 2019 were selected as the DVT group, and the healthy women after delivery admitted to our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group A and the women undergoing normal physical examination(not pregnant) were selected as the control group B. CD40L and coagulation parameters, platelet function parameters and inflammatory cytokines were measured in peripheral blood. Results The CD40L level in DVT group was significantly higher than that in control group A and control group B, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05); activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT) and prothrombin time(PT) levels in DVT group were lower than those in control group A and control B,and D-dimer(D-D) and fibrinogen(FIB) levels were significantly higher than those in control A and control group B; APTT and PT levels in control group A were lower than those in control group B, and D-D and FIB levels were significant higher than those in control group B, and the differences between the groups were statistically significant(P<0.05). The levels of Platelet-Activating Factor(PAF), P-selectin, and von Willebrand factor(vWF) in DVT group were significantly higher than those in the control group A and B, and the levels of PAF, P-selectin, and vWF in the control group A were significantly higher than those in the control group B, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-10(IL-10), and C-reactive protein(CRP) in DVT group were significantly higher than those in the control group A and B, and the levels of TNF-α, IL-10, and CRP in the control group A were significantly higher than those in the control group B, and the differences between the groups were statistically significant(P<0.05). CD40L was negatively correlated with APTT and PT, and positively correlated with D-D, FIB, PAF, P-selectin, vWF, TNF-α, IL-10, and CRP(P<0.05). Conclusion The increase of CD40L can promote maternal coagulation, platelet aggregation and activate inflammatory response after delivery, thereby increasing the incidence of DVT.
[Key words] Deep vein thrombosis; Delivery; CD40 ligand; Coagulation function; Platelet activation; Inflammatory response
剖宫产是临床常见分娩方式之一,由于剖宫产后产妇血液处于高凝状态,且在床上休息时间较长,导致下肢静脉血回流受阻,易引起下肢深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)。下肢DVT不仅会引起下肢疼痛、肿胀,严重者甚至发生肺栓塞,威胁患者的生命安全。DVT的发生过程较为复杂,其中涉及到内皮损伤、凝血系统、炎症反应等,但其具体发生机制尚未完全明确。目前研究认为,CD40配体(Cluster of Differentiation 40 ligand,CD40L)在凝血系统、炎症反应的调节中具有重要作用,因此为明确CD40L在DVT形成中的作用,本文对我院分娩后深静脉血栓患者进行研究,对比分娩后正常产妇及正常健康人群,进一步分析CD40L与患者凝血功能、炎症反应的关系,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择2017年6月~2019年8月我院分娩后发生深静脉血栓的产妇作为DVT组。另选取同期我院分娩后健康的产妇作为对照A组及正常体检女性作为对照B组。本研究经我院医学伦理委员会批准通过。DVT组共52例,年龄23~35岁,平均(29.33±3.58)岁,初产妇31例、经产妇21例;对照A组共80例,年龄22~36岁,平均(28.93±3.41)岁,初产妇48例、经产妇32例;对照B组共50例,年龄25~37岁,平均(29.51±6.42)岁。三组资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
纳入标准[5]:(1)经检查和诊断符合DVT诊断标准者;(2)自愿参加本研究并签字者;(3)年龄20~50岁者。
排除标准[5]:(1)合并血管畸形、自身免疫疾病、血液系统疾病者等;(2)恶性肿瘤者;(3)同时参与其他研究者。
1.2 方法
分娩24 h后对所有研究对象进行血液标本采集,采集5 mL血液标本,通过酶联免疫吸附法(试剂盒购自上海西唐公司)检测研究对象CD40L、血小板活化因子(Platelet activating factor,PAF)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(interleukin-10,IL-10)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)的含量,流式细胞术(试剂盒购自上海碧云天公司)测定P-选择素(P-selectin)、血管性血友病因子(von Willebrand factor,vWF)的水平,采用凝血仪(北京普朗医疗器械公司)测定凝血酶原时间(Prothrombin time,PT)、部分活化凝血酶时间(activated partial thrombin time,APTT)、D-二聚体(D-dimer,D-D)、纤维蛋白原(Fibrinogen,FIB)的水平。
1.3 观察指标
观察三组患者外周血CD40L水平、凝血功能(APTT、PT、D-D、FIB)、血小板功能(PAF、P-selectin、vWF)及炎症细胞因子水平(TNF-α、IL-10、CRP),分析CD40L与凝血功能、血小板功能和炎症细胞因子水平的关系。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS 18.0统计软件进行分析,计量资料以(x±s)表示,采用LSD-t检验,计数资料以百分比表示,采用χ2检验,多组间比较采用方差分析,相关性分析采用Pearson计算相关性,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 三组外周血中CD40L水平比较
DVT组CD40L水平明显高于对照A组及对照B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2 三组凝血指标水平比较
DVT组APTT、PT水平低于对照A组及对照B组,D-D、FIB水平明显高于对照A组及对照B组;对照A组APTT、PT水平低于对照B组,D-D、FIB水平明显高于对照B组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
2.3 三組血小板功能指标水平比较
DVT组PAF、P-selectin、vWF水平明显高于对照A组及对照B组,对照A组PAF、P-selectin、vWF水平明显高于对照B组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表3。
2.4 三组炎症细胞因子水平比较
DVT组TNF-α、IL-10、CRP水平明显高于对照A组及对照B组,对照A组TNF-α、IL-10、CRP的水平明显高于对照B组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表4。
2.5 CD40L与凝血功能、血小板功能和炎症细胞因子水平的关系
CD40L与APTT、PT呈负相关,与D-D、FIB、PAF、P-selectin、vWF、TNF-α、IL-10、CRP呈正相关(P<0.05)。见表5。
3 讨论
DVT是分娩后严重并发症之一,DVT可能引起血栓脱落,造成患者肺栓塞,危及患者生命,因此对产后DVT的预防尤为重要,也是人们关注的重点内容[6-7]。目前研究显示[8],DVT栓子中具有大量炎症细胞和血小板,这一发现证实了DVT的发生发展与炎症细胞及血小板聚集有密切关系。CD40L是目前研究的热门因子,其在与CD40结合后具有调控血小板和炎症细胞运动的作用,是局部浸润趋化因子。目前多数关于脑梗死、心肌梗死的研究中发现上述患者外周血CD40L、CD40水平明显升高,也一定程度说明了CD40L与血栓的关系[9-10]。因此本文对我院分娩后DVT患者进行研究,对比分娩后正常产妇及健康人群,结果发现,DVT组CD40L水平明显高于对照A组和对照B组,表明CD40L的升高与分娩后产妇DVT的发生具有密切关系。
由于血液高凝状态是DVT的直接诱因,因此本文对三组研究对象进行凝血功能观察。FIB又称为凝血因子,主要由干细胞合成,能促进红细胞聚集,使血液处于高凝状态,此时APTT和PT明显缩短。在机体处于高凝状态时,纤溶系统代偿性激活,对血栓内纤维蛋白进行水解,水解后得到D-D,因此血液中D-D水平明显升高,临床也通常利用检测D-D水平来评估凝血系统[11-12]。在本研究中,DVT组APTT、PT水平明显缩短,D-D、FIB水平明显高于对照A组和对照B组,表明DVT组血液处于高凝状态,凝血功能亢进,纤溶系统代偿性亢进,最终导致DVT发生,进一步分析CD40L与凝血功能的相关性发现:DVT组CD40L与APTT、PT呈负相关,与D-D、FIB呈正相关,结果表明,随着CD40L水平升高,血液高凝状态及纤溶亢进状态越严重,结合CD40L的生物学活性提示升高的CD40L可能通过激活血小板及炎症反应的途径来造成高凝状态及纤溶亢进状态。
CD40L能活化血小板,激活炎症反应,因此本文对三组研究对象的血小板、炎症因子进行分析。PAF是目前已知自强的血小板聚集诱导因子,可促进血小板的聚集[13];P-selectin是粘附血小板α颗粒和致密颗粒的分子,在血小板活化和聚集中起到粘附作用[14];vWF是一类大分子糖蛋白,能桥接血小板与血管胶原纤维,促进血小板活化和聚集[15]。TNF-α、IL-10是由单核巨噬细胞及淋巴细胞分泌,CRP由肝细胞分泌,是介导炎症反应的主要炎症因子[16]。本文通过对三组患者进行上述因子分析,结果显示,DVT组PAF、P-selectin、vWF、TNF-α、IL-10、CRP的水平明显高于对照A组及对照B组,结果表明孕妇分娩后可能存在血小板的过度活化以及炎症细胞因子的过度激活,且DVT组程度更加严重,提示血小板活化及炎症反应激活与DVT的发生有关,进一步分析CD40L与血小板功能、炎症反应程度的关系发现:DVT组CD40L与PAF、P-selectin、vWF、TNF-α、IL-10、CRP呈正相关,表明随着CD40L水平升高,血小板的活化、炎症反应的激活也进一步增强,DVT的发生与血小板的活化及炎症反应的激活有密切关系,血小板功能及炎症反应的改变可能是引发产妇产后高凝状态及纤溶亢进状态的原因。
综上所述,CD40L的增多能促进分娩后产妇的凝血、血小板聚集以及活化炎症反应,从而增加深静脉血栓的发生率。
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(收稿日期:2019-12-26)