牛茼 王婉 李天天 祝艺菡 辛雅萍
[摘要] 目的 探討妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)和/或非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)的危险因素及三酰甘油葡萄糖(TyG)指数的诊断价值。 方法 选取2018年6月~2019年9月郑州大学第二附属医院(以下简称“我院”)产检并分娩的孕妇,将患GDM孕妇分为GDM组(137例),患NAFLD孕妇为NAFLD组(70例),GDM合并NAFLD孕妇为复杂组(73例),并选取同期来我院产检的健康孕妇为正常组(73名)。比较妊娠24~28周时空腹血糖(FBG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇酯(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇酯(LDL-C)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、血尿酸(SUA),计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)及TyG指数等。 结果 GDM组FBG、HbA1c、HOMA-IR、TyG指数高于正常组;NAFLD组ATL、SUA、TG、HOMA-IR、TyG指数高于正常组;复杂组ATL、SUA、TG、FBG、HbA1c、HOMA-IR、TyG指数高于正常组及GDM组,FBG、HbA1c、HOMA-IR、TyG指数高于NAFLD组,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。GDM组、NAFLD组、复杂组FINS、巨大儿发病率高于正常组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。Pearson相关分析显示,TyG指数与HOMA-IR及HbA1c呈正相关(r = 0.473、0.472,P < 0.001)。logistic回归分析显示,FBG(OR=1.707,95%CI:1.202~2.424,P = 0.003),TG(OR = 1.386,95%CI:1.031~1.862,P = 0.031)为GDM孕妇并发NAFLD的危险因素。ROC曲线显示HOMA-IR、TyG指数对GDM和/或NAFLD的发生均有诊断价值。 结论 GDM合并NAFLD的孕妇IR及代谢紊乱严重,FBG、TG参与GDM孕妇NAFLD的发生,临床上应重视并采取有效的控制措施。TyG指数可初步识别IR,并评估血糖水平。
[关键词] 妊娠期糖尿病;非酒精性脂肪肝;胰岛素抵抗;三酰甘油葡萄糖指数
[中图分类号] R714.256 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2020)04(c)-0097-05
Analysis of metabolism factors related to gestational diabetes mellitus and/or non-alcoholic fatty liver diease and diagnostic value of TyG index in pregnancy
NIU Tong WANG Wan LI Tiantian ZHU Yihan XIN Yaping
Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, He′nan Province, Zhengzhou 450000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the metabolism factors related to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and/or non-alcoholic fatty liver diease (NAFLD) and diagnostic value of Triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index in pregnancy. Methods From June 2018 to September 2019, Pregnant women who labor examination and delivery in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (“our hospital” for short) were selected. Pregnant women with GDM were divided into GDM group (137 cases), NAFLD group of pregnant women with NAFLD (70 cases), pregnant women with GDM combined with NAFLD were in complex group (73 cases), the healthy pregnant women who came to our hospital for labor examination at the same time were selected as normal group (73 cases). Fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum uric acid (SUA) in 24-28 weeks pregnancy were compared, the homeostasis model of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and TyG index were calculated. Results FBG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR and TyG index in GDM group were higher than those in normal group. ATL, SUA, TG, HOMA-IR and TyG index of NAFLD group were higher than those of normal group. ATL, SUA, TG, FBG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR and TyG index in complex group were higher than those in normal group and GDM group and FBG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR and TyG index were higher than those in NAFLD group, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). FINS and the incidence of macrosomia in GDM group, NAFLD group and complex group were higher than those in normal group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that TyG index was positively correlated with HOMA-IR and HbA1c (r = 0.473, 0.472, P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that FBG (OR = 1.707, 95%CI:1.202-2.424, P = 0.003) and TG (OR = 1.386, 95%CI:1.031-1.862, P = 0.031) were risk factors for NAFLD in pregnant women with GDM. ROC curve showed that HOMA-IR and TyG index had diagnostic value for the occurrence of GDM and/or NAFLD. Conclusion Pregnant women with GDM combined with NAFLD have severe IR and metabolic disorders, FBG and TG are involved in occurrence of NAFLD in pregnant women with GDM. Therefore, effective measures should be taken to control clinically. TyG index can initially identify IR and assess blood glucose level.
[Key words] Gestational diabetes mellitus; Non-alcoholic fatty liver diease; Insulin resistance; Triglyceride-glucose index
妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)是妊娠期最常见的并发症之一,以胰岛素抵抗(IR)增加和胰岛β细胞功能下降进而导致胰岛素分泌相对或绝对不足为特征[1]。非酒精性脂肪肝(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是与IR密切相关的代谢性肝脏疾病,以肝细胞脂肪变性为主要改变[2]。妊娠期激素功能、体重快速变化以及IR的加重在NAFLD的发生发展中起重要作用[3],糖尿病使NAFLD发生风险增加了2倍[4]。NAFLD、GDM及其他代谢危险因素相互影响导致后代患代谢性疾病的风险增加[5]。三酰甘油葡萄糖(triglyceride-glucose,TyG)指数是一项涉及血糖及三酰甘油的新型、简便的评估IR的指标[6]。本研究通过收集正常孕妇、GDM孕妇、NAFLD孕妇及GDM合并NAFLD孕妇的糖脂代谢指标,旨在进一步阐明孕妇发生GDM及NAFLD的危险因素,为GDM及NAFLD临床结局的改善提供参考,评估TyG指数对疾病预测价值。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取2018年6月~2019年9月鄭州大学第二附属医院(以下简称“我院”)产检并分娩的孕妇,将患GDM孕妇分为GDM组(137例),仅患NAFLD孕妇为NAFLD组(70例),患GDM合并NAFLD孕妇为复杂组(73例),选取同期来我院产检的健康孕妇为正常组(73名)。正常组,平均年龄(32.66±4.94)岁;平均孕龄(38.53±1.09)周;平均收缩压(115.63±10.32)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa);平均舒张压(74.24±8.55)mmHg。GDM组,平均年龄(32.85±4.23)岁;平均孕龄(38.46±1.12)周;平均收缩压(115.93±11.75)mmHg;平均舒张压(74.70±9.33)mmHg。NAFLD组,平均年龄(32.25±4.33)岁;平均孕龄(38.38±1.27)周;平均收缩压(115.68±11.45)mmHg;平均舒张压(75.80mmHg±9.03)。复杂组,平均年龄(33.62±4.83)岁;平均孕龄(38.68±1.01)周;平均收缩压(117.63±18.54)mmHg;平均舒张压(77.67±10.54)mmHg。四组年龄、孕龄及血压比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P > 0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 方法
全自动生化分析仪测定空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇酯(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇酯(LDL-C)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、血尿酸(SUA)水平;稳态模型评估法(HOMA)计算IR指数、TyG指数,HOMA-IR=[FINS(mU/L)×FBG(mmol/L)]/22.5,TyG=LN[TG(mg/dL)×FBG(mg/dL)/2]。
1.3 诊断及排除标准
妊娠期糖尿病的诊断根据美国糖尿病协会(ADA)2010年诊断标准[7]。排除①有吸烟、饮酒史;②一级亲属有糖尿病病史;③合并其他组织脏器严重感染性疾病,如呼吸系统感染、泌尿系统感染、结缔组织疾病、自身免疫功能障碍等;④既往合并慢性疾病史;⑤合并甲亢、甲减等内分泌代谢疾病;⑥孕前合并糖尿病及其并发症,多囊卵巢综合征、脂代谢紊乱等;⑦存在严重脏器功能障碍;⑧其他妊娠并发症和合并症;⑨既往有异常妊娠史。
NAFLD诊断参考中华医学会肝病学分会脂肪肝和酒精性肝病学组《非酒精性脂肪性肝病诊疗指南》[8]。排除合并病毒性肝炎、药物性肝病、肝豆状核变性、自身免疫性肝病、酒精性脂肪肝、肝硬化患者。
巨大儿诊断标准:新生儿体重≥4000 g。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS 25.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料数据用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用LSD检验,两组间比较采用t检验;计数资料用百分率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验;相关性采用Pearson相关性分析;建立受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,计算曲线下面积(AUC),获得最大约登指数对应的HOMA-IR及TyG对GDM和/或NAFLD的截断值。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 四组临床指标比较
GDM组FBG、HbA1c、HOMA-IR、TyG指数高于正常组;NAFLD组ATL、SUA、TG、HOMA-IR、TyG指数高于正常组;复杂组ATL、SUA、TG、FBG、HbA1c、HOMA-IR、TyG指数高于正常组及GDM组,FBG、HbA1c、HOMA-IR、TyG指数高于NAFLD组,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。GDM组、NAFLD组、复杂组FINS、巨大儿发病率高于正常组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表1。
2.2 Pearson相关分析结果
TyG指数与HOMA-IR、HbA1c水平呈正相关(r = 0.473、0.472,P < 0.001)。
2.3 logistic回归分析结果
以GDM孕妇在孕中晚期发生NAFLD作为因变量(GDM+NAFLD:Y = 1,GDM:Y = 0),以TG、SUA、AST、ALT、FBG、HbA1c为自变量。logistic回归分析显示TG、FBG为GDM孕妇并发NAFLD的危险因素。见表2。
表2 logistic回歸分析结果
注:TG:三酰甘油;FBG:空腹血糖
2.4 ROC曲线结果
HOMA-IR与TyG指数在预测GDM、NAFLD及GDM合并NAFLD时,AUC均>0.7。见表3。
3 讨论
GDM与NAFLD的发生均与IR密切相关[9],糖尿病导致的IR使肝脏脂肪酸积累增加,加重炎症及肝细胞损伤;NAFLD往往伴随肥胖及脂肪组织功能障碍,可加重胰岛素抵抗和胰腺β细胞功能障碍,两者通过糖脂代谢相互影响,联系紧密[10]。本研究结果显示,与正常组比较,GDM组FBG、HbA1c、HOMA-IR、TyG指数升高,NAFLD组SUA、TG、ATL、HOMA-IR、TyG指数升高,提示孕中期GDM及NAFLD患者均存在明显的代谢紊乱及IR,而GDM患者以糖代谢紊乱为主要表现,NAFLD组以脂代谢紊乱、SUA水平升高及肝功能异常为主要表现。复杂组TG、SUA、FBG、HbA1c、HOMA-IR、TyG指数高于GDM组,与Lin等[11]、郭敏等[12]研究一致,提示GDM合并NAFLD患者体内存在更严重的IR、糖脂代谢紊乱及尿酸代谢异常。logistic回归分析显示,TG、FBG为GDM孕妇发生NAFLD的危险因素,因此对于临床上GDM孕妇不仅应密切关注血糖控制程度,同时也应当重视三酰甘油的控制,缓解代谢紊乱及IR程度,避免GDM合并NAFLD的发生。
出生前暴露于高血糖和高三酰甘油等异常的宫内环境可能是终身代谢功能障碍的基础[13]。肥胖和GDM孕妇脂质水平升高,可导致胎盘脂肪酸的转移增加,被转移的脂肪酸可激活胎儿体内的转录基因,加速脂肪细胞转化,导致胎儿过重及日后发生肥胖的概率增加[14]。
本研究结果显示,GDM组、NAFLD组及复杂组巨大儿发生率均高于正常组,且复杂组巨大儿的发生率最高,提示孕期血糖、血脂及其他代谢指标异常均可能参与巨大儿的发生。GDM合并NAFLD时,葡萄糖及TG水平进一步升高,代谢紊乱进一步加重,并可能通过胎盘转运及糖脂代谢的改变导致后代巨大儿发病率增加。因此,GDM和/或NAFLD与代谢危险因素对后代巨大儿的发病产生影响,这也可能是代谢疾病代代相传的基础。故应对计划怀孕的妇女进行早期教育并采取健康的生活方式,通过严格的孕期血糖血脂控制减少不良妊娠结局。
TyG指数是IR评估的的新型替代指标,涉及FBG、TG水平,TyG指数与HOMA评估IR指数和高胰岛素-正葡萄糖钳夹试验比较有良好相关性[15],可用于识别胰岛素敏感性降低的患者[15],并且可以预测未来糖尿病的发生风险[16],被认为是一种简便、低廉评估IR的标志物。目前已在不同人群中证实了TyG指数在筛查IR中的实用性及可靠性[16-18]。本研究结果显示,GDM组、NAFLD组和复杂组HOMA-IR、TyG指数高于正常组,复杂组TyG指数显著高于GDM组及NAFLD组(P < 0.05)。Pearson相关分析显示,TyG指数与HOMA-IR和HbA1c呈正相关(P < 0.001),与Hameed[19]研究结果一致。提示妊娠期TyG指数对识别血糖控制情况方面具有优越性,考虑可能与IR时TG的升高导致游离脂肪酸增加,脂肪组织和非脂肪组织的游离脂肪酸增加有关[20]。
ROC曲线显示,在诊断GDM、NAFLD、GDM合并NAFLD时,HOMA-IR及TyG指数AUC均>0.7,提示二者对疾病发生均有预测价值。进一步比较发现,HOMA-IR在诊断GDM、NAFLD、GDM合并NAFLD时AUC均高于TyG指数,提示HOMA-IR可能更有效地预测疾病发生,但考虑到TG及FBG均为较廉价的指标,且TyG与HbA1c呈正相关,因此临床上可以通过计算孕妇的TyG指数初步识别IR患者,并评估患者的血糖水平。
综上所述,GDM、NAFLD的发生与糖脂代谢紊乱密切相关,GDM合并NAFLD时存在更严重、更广泛的糖脂代谢紊乱及IR。TG、FBG水平与GDM患者NAFLD的发生有关,因此,对于GDM孕妇不仅应重视血糖的控制,也应当密切关注TG水平,避免NAFLD的发生。TyG作为一项简便的评估IR指标,对妊娠期代谢疾病的发生有一定的预测价值,临床上可以通过孕妇的TyG指数初步识别IR,评估其血糖水平,一定程度上指导治疗。
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(收稿日期:2019-11-11 本文编辑:刘明玉)