介孔SBA-15 棒负载的Pd3Cl 催化剂催化Sonogashira 偶联反应

何 蓉 貟亚培 孙莉莉 盛鸿婷 杜袁鑫 项 东李 鹏＊, 袁孝友 朱满洲＊, 洪 勋 吴宇恩

(1 安徽大学化学系，先进材料原子工程中心，无机/有机杂化功能材料化学安徽省重点实验室，合肥 230601)

(2 安徽大学，杂化材料结构与功能调控教育部重点实验室，合肥 230601)

(3 中国科学技术大学化学系，先进纳米催化中心，合肥 230026)

0 Introduction

C-C couplings of aryl halides containing Sonogashira, Suzuki and Heck coupling reactions have great significance for the development of organic chemistry[1-5]. To our knowledge, C(sp2)-C(sp) bonds are usually intermediates or precursors for synthesizing natural products, bioactive drugs, and other materials[6-8]. Remarkably, one of the most common methods to form C(sp2)-C(sp) bonds is Sonogashira coupling reaction[9-10].The classic Pd（Ⅱ）complexes with Cu（Ⅰ）salt as co-catalysts have been employed to catalyze the Sonogashira reaction through homogeneous process such as Pd(PPh3)2Cl2/CuI/Et3N (Et3N=triethylamine)combination[11]. Despite homogeneous catalysts exhibit superior catalytic activity, it remains challenging for the recovery and reuse of catalysts in which metal ions(e.g. Pd2+, Cu+) may contaminate the target products[9].Subsequently, a series of palladium nanoparticles as heterogeneous catalysts have been designed and synthesized, which have potential to take the place of palladium complexes to solve these problems[12-14]. The use of supported catalysts shows growing importance for product purification and catalyst reuse. However,preparation of some supported catalysts is inefficient and the unclearly active sites of metal nanoparticles can complicate their catalytic mechanisms[15].Therefore,simple and efficient methods are promising for preparing heterogeneous catalysts with definite structures.Fortunately, the atomically precise metal nanoclusters with well-defined structures can be chosen as model catalysts to provide a new perspective, which is helpful to understand the relationship between structures and properties at atomic level[16-18]. For example,Jin et al. reported that the Au3facet on spherical Au25(SR)18and the waist sites of rod-shaped Au25(PPh3)10(C ≡CPh)5X2were the active sites in catalytic the semihydrogenation of terminal alkynes[19]. Zhu′s group confirmed one-core-atom loss could boost hydroamination reaction of alkynes by comparing catalytic performance between Au25and Au24nanoclusters[20].

In addition, the harsher conditions are sometimes required in order to efficiently conduct Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions, such as high temperature[21-22],harmful solvents[23-25]and larger amount of catalysts[26].Hence, the development of eco-friendly and moderate systems is also highly desirable.

In this work, atomically precise Pd3Cl nanoclusters with positive charges and rod-shaped SBA-15 with negative charges are selected to fabricate welldefined Pd3Cl/SBA-15 catalysts by electrostatic attraction strategy. The Pd3Cl nanoclusters are successfully and readily supported on SBA-15 rods with high dispersity. The as-obtained Pd3Cl/SBA-15 catalysts showed good catalytic activity by using water as green solvent at 55 ℃. The structure of Pd3Cl nanoclusters consist of Pd3kernel protected by phosphine ligands and one chlorine atom. We demonstrated that the internal Pd atoms with positive charge due to bridging ligands can synergistically promote catalytic performance.

1 Experimental

1.1 Synthesis

1.1.1 Preparation of Pd3Cl nanocluster

The Pd3Cl clusters were achieved by modifying our previous strategy[27]. PdCl2(0.710 g, 4 mmol) was dissolved with hydrochloric acid (665 μL,12 mol·L-1),and the above solution was diluted to 5 mL with deionized water. 0.6 mL of as-prepared solution (0.6 mL, 0.48 mmol) was added into 10 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) containing triphenylphosphine (0.310 g,1.2 mmol). After 10 minutes for vigorous stirring,NaBH4(80 mg, 2.1 mmol) dissolved in ethanol (5 mL)was added to the above solution. The reaction was maintained for 2 hours under vigorous stirring. The reaction solution was then centrifuged to remove the precipitate and evaporated the THF solvent with rotary evaporator. After that, the product was washed with ethanol for several times.

1.1.2 Preparation of SBA-15

4.0 g of copolymer P123(EO20PO70EO20,Ma=5 800)was dissolved with 30 mL water and HCl (120 mL,2.0 mol·L-1). After that, the above solution was stirred for 4 h.Subsequently,8.5 g of TEOS(tetra ethyl oxysilane)was added and the solution was stirred at 1 100 r·min-1for 5 min. Then, the reaction system was kept for 24 h at 313 K. After that, the above solution was transferred to the Teflon-lined autoclave, and further treated at 403 K for 24 h. The final product was washed with water for several times, and calcined at 773 K for 6 h.

1.1.3 Preparation of the Pd3Cl/SBA-15 catalysts

100 mg of SAB-15 was dispersed in CH2Cl2(10 mL) under ultrasonication for a few minutes. 5 mg of Pd3Cl nanoclusters in CH2Cl2was added into to the above solution under magnetic stirring for 45 minutes.Pd3Cl/SBA-15 catalysts were then obtained by centrifugation at 10 000 r·min-1.

1.2 Characterization methods

Silica gel 60 F254 and Merck Kieselgel 200-300 were chosen for analytical thin-layer chromatography(TLC) and prepared column chromatography. The yield was determined on Shimadzu GC 2010 plus by using flame ionization detector. UV-Vis spectra were measured on Techcomp UV1000 spectrophotometer from 300 to 700 nm.1H NMR and13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AM 400 spectrometer which were operated at 400 and 100 MHz respectively(CDCl3as solvent). The Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) spectra were conducted on Bruker Tensor 27 instrument in the range of 4 000 ～200 cm-1. Mass spectrometric analysis was performed by matrixassisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry(MALDI-MS). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded on SmartLab 9 KW with Cu Kα radiation (λ=0.154 nm), and the 2θ range (40 kV and 100 mA) was from 10° to 90° in the step of 10°·min-1.Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and EDS(energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) mapping were performed in a JEM-2010 microscope with an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were acquired on ESCALAB 250Xi with Al Kα radiation. Pd3Cl nanoclusters loaded on the SBA-15 catalysts were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). ζ-potential analysis was determined by Malvern analyzer under an aqueous solution. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(ESI-MS) was recorded on MicroTOF-QIII highresolution mass spectrometer, and the samples were infused into the chamber at 5 μL·min-1directly. The N2adsorption/desorption isotherms were performed at liquid nitrogen temperature (-196 ℃) on a Micromeritics ASAP 2020M+C instrument, and the surface area of samples were calculated by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory.

1.3 Typical procedure for Sonogashira reaction

0.5 mmol phenylacetylene (55 μL), 0.5 mmol iodobenzene (56 μL), Pd3Cl/SBA-15 catalysts (30 mg),and water (1 mL) were added into 10 mL shrek tube at 55 ℃for 12 h in Ar. The final reaction product was obtained by centrifugation, and the yield was tested by GC (gas chromatography) equipment. The recovered catalyst was washed with n-hexane for next run under the same reaction conditions.

2 Results and discussion

2.1 Design and characterization of Pd3Cl/SBA-15 catalyst

The Pd3Cl/SBA-15 catalysts can be fabricated through electrostatic attraction between positively charged Pd3Cl clusters and negatively charged SBA-15 rods (Scheme 1).

To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed strategy, atomically precise Pd3Cl nanoclusters were initially synthesized. UV-Vis spectrum of as-prepared Pd3Cl nanoclusters (Fig.1a, the red line) exhibited three distinctive absorption peaks at about 340, 418,and 485 nm. As depicted in the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrum (MALDI-MS), the as-obtained Pd3Cl nanoclusters present a molecular ion peak at 1 511 (m/z) (theoretical Mw=1 511), and two fragments were captured for losing of the PPh3units (Fig.1b, the blue line). TEM shows that the average size of as-prepared Pd3Cl clusters is around 1.4 nm (Fig.2a) and the size distribution pattern was shown in Fig.S1. In addition, Pd3Cl were maintained at 150 ℃in Ar to test the thermal stability. Notably,the UV-Vis spectrum of the Pd3Cl nanocluster after thermal treatment is same to that of fresh Pd3Cl nanocluster (Fig.1a, the blue line). The MALDI-MS analysis also showed a sharp peak at 1 511 (m/z) after thermal treatment (Fig.1b, the red line). Therefore,Pd3Cl possessed good thermal stability and the structure of Pd3Cl remained intact in the process of anneal treatment.

Scheme 1 Schematic illustration for the formation of Pd3Cl/SBA-15 by electrostatic attraction strategy

Fig.1 (a) UV-Vis absorption spectra of the as-prepared Pd3Cl nanocluster (in dichloromethane, red line) and the redissolved nanoclusters after thermal treatment at 150 ℃in Ar for 1 h (blue line)； (b) Positive mode MALDI mass spectrum of as-prepared Pd3Cl nanocluster and after thermal treatment, the peak except the position of 1511 is the fragment of Pd3Cl

Furthermore, the synthesis of SBA-15 materials followed the previously reported procedure[28].The SEM(Fig.2b) and TEM (Fig.S2) images show that the asprepared SBA-15 present rode-like morphologies with well-ordered mesoporous structures. As displayed in Fig.S3, the broad diffraction peak of SBA-15 was assigned to the characteristic peak of amorphous silica. The surface ζ potential of SBA-15 showed -20.1 mV that evidenced SBA-15 with negative charge surface (Fig.S4).

To obtain further insight into the catalysts,various characterization techniques were employed to determine the as-prepared Pd3Cl/SBA-15 samples. The elemental maps of Si, O and Pd of Pd3Cl/SBA-15 catalyst were shown in Fig.2c. From the elements mapping, Pd3Cl nanoclusters were uniformly dispersed on a SBA-15 support by electrostatic attraction strategy.The loading of catalyst is 0.8%(w/w) palladium by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS). No obvious change was observed from the XRD pattern after Pd3Cl loading, which suggests that the SBA-15 rods are chemically stable (Fig.S3). The XPS directly illustrates the inexistence of any interaction between Pd3Cl nanoclusters and SBA-15 supports during loading, for the reason that the Pd3d bond energy (Pd3Cl/SBA-15) agreed well with that of fresh Pd3Cl (Fig.S5). The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the successful fusion of Pd3Cl and SBA-15 (Fig.S6). N2adsorption and desorption Isotherms of SBA-15 and Pd3Cl/SBA-15 catalyst were shown in Fig.S7. The BET surface area of SBA-15 rod was determined to be 588 m2·g-1,which decreased to 468 m2·g-1after the loading of Pd3Cl nanoclusters. In general, the structural integrity of Pd3Cl nanoclusters supported on SBA-15 was maintained.

Fig.2 (a) TEM image of as-prepared Pd3Cl nanoclusters； (b) SEM image of the as-obtained SBA-15 rods；(c) EDS elemental mapping images of the as-prepared Pd3Cl/SBA-15 catalysts

2.2 Catalytic properties of Pd3Cl/SBA-15 for sonogashira C-C coupling

We selected Sonogashira C-C coupling as a model reaction to explore the catalytic performance of the as-synthesized Pd3Cl/SBA-15 catalysts. To increase sustainability of the reaction system, water was used as environment-friendly solvent. Next, the impact of diversified bases was initially evaluated. We found that the reaction activity reached only 20%/25% using K2CO3or Cs2CO3as base at 65 ℃(Table 1,entries 1 ～2), and without base, products were not detected (Table 1, entry 3). Interestingly, the yield was markedly improved to 90% in the presence of Et3N as a base (Table 1, entry 4). The highest yield(92.8%) was achieved when the temperature decreased to 55 ℃ (Table 1, entry 5). However, with a further decrease in temperature, the activity was obviously decreased to 72% (Table 1, entry 7). Under optimal temperature (55 ℃), 82.4% of product was produced with pyrrolidine as base (Table 1, entry 6). Then, 10 or 20 mg of Pd3Cl/SiO2were used, and the lower yield was produced (Table 1, entries 8～9). Eventually, entry 5 of Table 1 was chose as the optimum conditions for Pd3Cl/SBA-15-catalyzed Sonogashira reaction. For comparison, we also investigated the catalytic activity of Pd3Cl/CeO2catalyst, which have a lower yield(88%, Table 1, entry 10) than that of Pd3Cl/SBA-15 catalyst (92.8%, Table 1, entry 5). We also directly grew ZIF-8 outside the heterogeneous Pd3Cl/CeO2catalyst (denoted as Pd3Cl/CeO2@ZIF-8). The yield(77%, Table 1, entry 11) was lower than that of Pd3Cl/CeO2catalysts. Because the small ZIF-8 cores (＜2 nm)limited the access of reactants to Pd3Cl nanoclusters and the diffusion of reactants inside the ZIF-8 pores[29].The TEM image of Pd3Cl/SBA-15@ZIF-8 was shown in Fig.S8. It was worth noting that no product was observed in blank experiments, in which Pd3Cl nanoclusters were absent and SBA-15 or CeO2oxide were present(Table 1,entry 12～13).This demonstrated that catalytic activity arose out of the Pd3Cl nanoclusters.

Table 1 Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction with Pd3Cl/SAB-15 and related catalystsa

2.3 Scope of the catalytic reaction: derivatives of aryl iodide and phenylacetylene

In order to further evaluate Pd3Cl/SBA-15 catalysts, we extended the study to different combinations of aryl iodides and alkynes under the optimized conditions. Whatever electron-rich or electron-poor phenylacetylene derivatives showed satisfactory yield(Table 2, entries 1～3). Both iodobenzene with electronwithdrawing and that with electron-donating groups were examined. Notice that, aryl iodide with withdrawing group showed excellent yields (93.4%, Table 2,entry 4). In contrast, when iodobenzene was attached with the electron-donating group, the yield varied from 93.4% to 81.3% (Table 2, entry 5). Lower activity(67.1%, Table 2, entry 6) was observed when iodobenzene with stronger electron-donating group for Sonogashira coupling reaction.

Table 2 Catalytic performance of difference substrates with Pd3Cl/SBA-15a

The recyclability of the Pd3Cl/SBA-15 catalyst was examined (Fig.3). In this test, the Pd3Cl/SBA-15 catalyst was recovered by centrifugation after Sonogashira reaction for next run. We found that the activity of the catalyst decreased only 8% even after eight cycles, which suggested the high stability of the designed catalyst based on electrostatic attraction strategy.

Fig.3 Recyclability of Pd3Cl/SBA-15 catalyst in Sonogashira C-C coupling reaction

2.4 Evidence for the importance of structural integrity of Pd3Cl nanocluster

To understand the nature of Pd3Cl/SBA-15 catalysts after reaction, several experiments were performed. Any shift of Pd3d energy was not observed from XPS spectra (Fig.S5). The XRD patterns (Fig.S3)and FT-IR spectra (Fig.S6) also remained almost unchanged before and after reaction, indicating the integrity of Pd3Cl nanocluster was preserved during reaction process.

To further reveal the relationship between catalytic property and structure of nanocluster, Pd3Cl/SBA-15 catalysts were calcined at 400 ℃ in Ar atmosphere. It was worth mentioned that the activity decreased to 67% after calcination at 400 ℃(Table 1,entry 14). Not surprisingly, similar results were observed when calcined Pd3Cl/CeO2at 400 ℃ (71%,Table 1, entry 15).

Furthermore, the binding energy of Pd3d5/2(asprepared Pd3Cl/SBA-15) was 337.1 eV from XPS result and agree well with the fresh Pd3Cl nanocluster,indicating that Pd was positively charged due to the interaction between Pd and the ligands (Fig.4(a, b)).The bond energy of Pd3d5/2decreased to 335.9 eV after calcination Pd3Cl/SBA-15 at 400 ℃from XPS spectrum (Fig.4c). According to previous report, we classified 335.9 eV as the binding energy of Pd(0),which indicated that the ligands on the surface of Pd3Cl nanocluster were removed and Pdδ+were reduced to a metallic state, while the Pd3d5/2peak at 337.5 eV was assigned to Pd2+[30]. Meanwhile, we also found that Pd(0) was produced from the XRD pattern (Fig.5), in which the position of 40° was the (111) plane of Pd(0)(PDF No.88-2335)[31]. Both of these suggested the Pd(0)atoms were exposed on the cluster surface through heat treatment,which were responsible for the decrease in activity. However, this was contrary to the conventional opinion that the higher catalytic performance could be obtained when more surface atoms were bare[32]. The above results indicated the importance of intact structure of Pd3Cl nanocluster for catalytic performance. The synergistic effect between Pdδ+(0＜δ＜2)and the ligand is the key to the catalytic reaction.

Fig.4 XPS spectra in Pd3d: (a) Fresh Pd3Cl/SBA-15 catalyst； (b) As-prepared Pd3Cl/SBA-15；(c) Pd3Cl/SBA-15 calcined by 400 ℃

Fig.5 XRD patterns of Pd3Cl/SBA-15 and Pd3Cl/SBA-15 calcined by 400 ℃

We tried to investigate the catalytic process of Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction through homogeneous Pd3Cl nanocluster. The FT-IR spectra of phenylacetylene+Pd3Cl+Et3N were investigated (Fig.S9),the C≡C stretching increased from 2 111 to 2 118 cm-1and the position of C ≡C-H stretching disappeared. This suggests that the H atom from C ≡C-H group is removed and then may interact with the nanocluster to form an intermediate[33].Furthermore,the Electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was adopted for insight into the intermediate. In the presence of Et3N, Pd3Cl can interact with phenylacetylene, and new peak appear at m/z=1 577.1 referred to Pd3…C≡C-Ph, and the simulation result agree well with experimental result (Fig.S10). Based on above experimental results and previous reports[27], the terminal alkyne may be activated with a base for forming Pd3…C≡C-Ph,which further interacted with iodobenzene to generate products.

3 Conclusions

Well-defined Pd3Cl/SBA-15 catalysts have been designed and readily synthesized by electrostatic attraction between positively charged atomically precise Pd3Cl clusters and negatively charged mesoporous SBA-15 rods. It was found that the recyclable heterogeneous Pd3Cl/SBA-15 catalysts were robust, stable,and presented efficient catalytic activities for the water-mediated Sonogashira C-C coupling reaction.We demonstrated the structure integrity of Pd3Cl and the synergistic effect between the ligand and Pdδ+(0＜δ ＜2) are key for the excellent stability and high activity in Sonogashira reaction. This synthetic strategy may also be applicable to design other atomically precise metal cluster-based heterogeneous catalysts.

Conflict of interest:The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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