猜词技巧在英语阅读中的运用

2020-01-07 14:01帅飞飞
广东教育·高中 2020年12期
关键词:构词法反义词词义

帅飞飞

根据上下文猜测词义是高中生在英语阅读中必须要掌握的一项基本技能,词义猜测题也是高考阅读理解的必考题之一。考生熟悉和掌握常用的猜词技巧,有助于提高英语阅读理解能力。

一、各个击破,掌握词义猜测技巧

猜词技巧,是猜测生词、确定词汇在具体语境中的确切含义的重要手段。生词不是孤立出现的,而是和上下文中的其它词、句乃至整个篇章在意义上、结构上和逻辑上存在着联系的,因而有多种猜词技巧。

1. 举例法。

有些生词的后面,会列举一些实例。此外,如果还有一些对比作为补充的话,就比较容易推断出这个生词的意思。例:

Some trains carries cargo, such as rice, oil and military supplies (军用物资),while others carries only passengers.

解析:cargo对我们大多考生来说,都是一个生词;如果根据后面表示举例的短语such as,以及所列举的一系列货物;而且,句中有一个while表对比,说明cargo和passengers是对应关系。因此可以猜测出cargo的意思应该是“货物”。

2. 情景法。

根据上下文的情境猜测生词或者短语的意思,是比较常用的一个方法,也是比较管用的一个方法。例:

The little boy sat on the floor and cried his eyes out for the loss of his favorite toy car.

解析:从the loss of his favorite toy car和sat on the floor这些情景描述,不难猜测出cried his eyes out的意思是“嚎啕大哭”。

3. 构词法。

构词法作为产出新词的一个主要方法,也有助于我们根据词根和词缀,推断出生词的意思。例:

My brother manages money judiciously while my sister manages money unwisely.

解析:我们可以运用构词法猜测出unwisely的意思。wise是学过的词,意思是“明智的”,加上后缀-ly变成副词wisely,“明智地”,再加上否定前缀un-构成其反义词unwisely,“不明智地”。同时,通过while,我们知道judiciously和unwisely是一对反义词,从而可以利用反义词法,进一步猜测出judiciously的意思为“明智地”。

4. 释义法。

有时,某一个词对于大多数读者而言是个生词。为了让这个词易于理解,作者会用一句话来给这个词下定义。一般情况下,定义或解释直接在系动词“is”的后面,有时也在某些标点符号中,如括号中、破折号后或引号中,有时也使用一些副词,如namely和that is等。例:

The word culture has a different meaning for anthropologists (people who study humankind).

解析:由括号中的定义“研究人类的人”可知anthropologists的意思是“人类学家”。

5. 同义词法。

有时候,为避免重复使用某词,作者会用这个词的同义词来替代它,我们可以利用熟悉的词语,根据语言环境推断生词词义。例:

It is believed that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to our health. Drinking is also regarded as harmful.

解析:从句中的also知道detrimental和harmful是同义词,不难推断出detrimental的词义为“不利的,有害的”。

6. 反义词法。

有些生词和我们熟悉的词之间通过but和however等词的连接,形成明显的反义关系,比较容易通过熟词猜出生词的意思。例:

Some points of your proposal are clear to me, but most are still hazy.

解析:根据but,可以判定clear和hazy是一对反义词,clear的意思是“清晰的”,因此hazy的意思应该是“模糊不清的”。

二、综合运用,提高阅读理解能力

高考阅读真题中对词义猜测的考查,主要是要求考生根据上下文信息推测一些单词、词组和句子在特定语境中的特定含义,综合运用猜词技巧有助于提高这一类题的准确率。

1. 综合运用对比法、构词法和情景法解题。

根據已学过的词,利用构词法,并结合上下文情景猜测出生词的意思,是解决阅读理解中生词障碍和扩充词汇量的有效方法之一。

(2017年全国Ⅲ卷·29)Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.

*What does the underlined word“displaced”mean?

A. tested    B. separated     C. forced out    D. tracked down

解析:首先,文中出现了but,其前后是对比和转折的关系,灰狼以前在这些地方曾经很多,but之后就应该是表达灰狼在这些地方不多了。其次,考生学过place,根据构词法知道displaced是placed的反义词。此外,还要结合上下文情景,文章中提到了wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.抓住了这几句话,尤其是其中的disappeared和fewer humans,就能选出正确答案C。

2. 综合运用对比法和情景法解题。

作者在写作时经常把两个或更多的人和事物放在一起进行对比,展现出其区别所在。我们要深刻理解作者的意图,抓住except for, but, while, however, otherwise, instead等一些表示转折的关键词,利用对比法猜测词义。

(2019年全国I卷·25)But hes nervous.“Im here to tell you today why you should...should...”Chris trips on the“-ld”, a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support.“...Vote for ... me...”Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.

*What does the underlined word“stumble”in paragraph 2 refer to?

A. improper pauses          B. bad manners

C. Spelling mistakes         D. sill jokes

解析:首先,要运用对比法来猜测生词的意思。通过Except for可以知道其前后两个意思是相反的,doing amazingly well的意思是“做得非常好”,那么不难猜测出some stumbles的意思是表现欠佳。其次,要弄清楚stumble究竟是什么意思,还需要运用情境法来解题。根据上文中出现的“Im here to tell you today why you should...should...”以及老师的提示“...Vote for... me...”可以推断出,由于感到紧张(nervous),Chris在演讲过程中出现了结巴和不恰当的停顿。其他三个选项,则明显不符合语境。

3. 利用举例法解题。

(2014年全国II卷·29)One of the latest trends in American childcare is Chinese au pairs. Au Pair in ...

“I thought it would be very useful for him to learn Chinese at an early age,”Joseph Stocke, the managing director of a company, says of his 2-year-old son,“I would at least like to give him the chance to use the language in the future.”After only six months of being cared for by a 25-year-old woman from China, the boy can already understand basic Chinese daily expressions, his dad says.

*What does the term“au pair”in the text mean?

A. A mother raising her child on her own.

B. A child learning a foreign language at home.

C. A professor in language education of children.

D. A young foreign woman taking care of children.

解析:為了帮助读者更好地理解au pair,作者用了一整段的篇幅举了一个例子:Joseph Stocke两岁的儿子接受来自中国的25岁年轻女子的照顾,能理解基本的中文日常会话。文章明确指出:“After only six months of being cared for by a 25-year-old woman from China, the boy can already understand basic Chinese daily expressions, his dad says.”从这个例子中的being cared和25-year-old woman等词语表达中,可以猜测出au pair是指A young foreign woman taking care of children。

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