SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

SeeingtheDevelopmentofEastAsianEthicsthroughtheLensofJeongDasan’sInterpretationofConfucianism

Cai Zhenfeng

This paper discusses the possibility that ‘East Asian Ethics’ serves as a valid conception to represent a different trend of moral philosophy in East Asian Confucianism since 17thcentury. By reflecting the philosophy of Jeong Yakyong (Dasan， 1762—1836) and his interpretation of Mencius， we can find the appearance of this trend and various issues that East Asian Ethics concerns. On the one hand， Jeong， sharing similar attitude with Wang Yang-ming School in China， was opposed to Zhuzi doctrine of Li and Chi and built his metaphysical foundation not on cosmological ontology， but on the doctrine of Nature and Mind (Xinxing Lun 心性论). While differing on their view of Buddhism， Jeong and Wang Yang-ming School both strengthened ties between action and will， making their way of practice more straightforward and effective. On the other hand， influenced by Japanese Confucian Ogyū Sorai， Jeong’s interpretation of Confucianism turned its focus from experiential morality to political morality， which is a significant sign of modern political discourse. Accordingly， East Asian Ethics has three important features. First， benevolence (Ren， 仁) and self-regulating morality lies the core of its concern and has a close connection with the philosophy of Confucius and Mencius. Second， it keeps absorbing foreign ideas from Buddhism， Shinto and western philosophy and therefore maintain critical to traditional knowledge. Third， practices of East Asian Ethics takes place in ‘humane society，’ which gives it no room to avoid problem created by spatial and historical conditions of the society.

TheTurningofJapaneseEducationalSystemaftertheFirstWorldWar

Zang Peihong

After the First World War， there was a phenomenon of ‘Educational Democratization’ or ‘Educational Liberalization’in the Japanese society. However， in the aspect of the educational system， the control in both central and local educational administration has been strengthened， the imperial power， the limitary and the economic circles have begun to interfere systematically the educational administration; the education of the ‘Emperor nationalism’has been emphasized from both the educational aims and contents; the education of the‘Militarism’has begun to be institutionalized formally. As its limitations such as the submission to the Emperor of Japanese， the focusing on the methods but not on the system itself， the educational democratic movements could not reverse finally the firm policy of the Japanese government，and the result was that the educational system tended to be more centralized.

GivingaGlimpseofConstructing“CulturalSoftPower”ofEarlyModernJapan——TakingOkakuraKakuzoCulturalActivitiesasanExample

Du Xiaojun and Yan Xiaoyan

From the late 19th to early 20th centuries， facing the impact of western capitalist civilization， Japan sought to build a new type of cultural soft power. In the intellectual，the trend of “national essence” and “Asian essence” emerged. Okakura Kakuzo， taking one of patriots， composed English writings of Japan and Asia excellent culture and made active presentation. However， in the progress of Okakura Kakuzo’s presentation，general cultural nationalism and extreme cultural nationalism was always coupled with.

AncientJapanese“FemaleWaka”andItsChineseTranslation

Xu Feng

“Female Waka” is an important part in Japanese Waka, and there are numerous research achievements concerning Japanese Waka in both Japan and China. However, research on “Female Waka” is relatively little in China, not even touching its translation. This paper aims at analysis and translation of representative “Female Waka” before the Meiji Period. As a result,to point out that the translation should not only retain the original art forms and delicate artistic styles, but also take into account colloquial features of the original hiragana and the rhetorical features of language.

ShandanTradeandthePoliticsbetweenQingDynastyandJapaninNortheasternAsia

Chen Shilan

The business that ethnic minority in Lower reaches of Amur River went over Tartar Strait and boarded Sakhalin with silk product to make good exchange for fur and iron with Ainu was calledShandanTrade， its route was named asNorthernSilkRoadorNortheasternAsianSilkRoad. TheInstitutionofTributeMartenandRewardthat was implementing by Qing Dynasty in northeastern border areas not only showed the excellent political thought of Cherishing men from Afar and Border control with social and security management， but also created a vast space for profit earning， which is regarded as the economic axis of the developing Shandan Trade. Japanese Shogunate gradually took control of the trade by paying off Ainu’s debt and setting price standards through the marten produced by Sakhalin， which made them have achieved its political purpose to expand towards Northeastern Asia. The politics of Qing Dynasty and Japan in Northeastern Asia both demonstrated the ideology of the pre-modern East Asian national governance that putsgovernthepeoplein the first place. It has made the borders less blocked and provided development space to Shandan trade， which crossed nations and ethnics. With the concept of nations and ethnics in modern times，nationalboundadriesbecame being， Shandan trade came to an end.

TranslationofEA7withCommentary

Yuan Zhihui

The Amarna letters are diplomatic correspondence between Egypt and other great powers in the West Asia and Egypt and lesser states in Syro-Palestine， which represents inter-states relationship in the West Asia and the North Africa. EA 7 is a letter sent by Burra-Buriyash II， the Babylonian King， to Akhenaten， Egyptian Pharaoh. In the letter， to achieve the goal of paying less and geting more in gift exchange， Burra-Buriyash II asked to sent less gifts to Akhenaten on the pretext of difficult journal from Babylon to Egypt and asked for more golds from Akhenaten on the excuse of building. In addition， the letter involves issues such as loyalty of envoys and responsibility for envoys’ safety. It is of great historical value for the study of Egypt-Babylonian relations and especially diplomatic language and diplomatic tactics in Amarna Age.

FromOrthodoxytoPopularity:OraclesofPtolemaicandRomanEgyptintheContextofMulticulturalSociety

Wang Huan

Oracle has been a long tradition in ancient Egypt. Oracles in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt shared the same content with those of the pharaonic period, paid attention to secular issues, but change in many aspects such as the form of the oracle, and the deities to whom the oracles were addressed characterized the Hellenistic features. The religious policy of Ptolemaic Dynasty and Roman Empire significantly weakened the official effects of oracles. The secularized and standardized legal system gradually reduced the role of oracle in the judicial domain. Meanwhile, oracles continued to flourish as part of popular religion. Providing oracle service became an important source of the income of temples. Corpus of oracles became so important that it replaced the role of temples to meet the public needs of predicting the future. This leads to the democratization of religious belief. Oracles in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt can be regarded as a new stage into which those of the pharaonic period evolved and fruits of the multi-cultural society of the new era.

ComparativeStudyofResistanceMovementbetweenFranceandYugoslavia

Zhao Keren

France and Yugoslavia are located in Western Europe and Southeest Europe respectively. Although geographically different， they were all European countries. They suffered the invasion and occupation of Nazi Germany during the Second World War. The two peoples fought against the Nazi occupation in the occupied and non-occupied areas both in demostic and abroad. The establishmcnt of the French resistance movement was early， and its center was the free French movement which led by De Gaulle in London. Under the leadership of the French national resistance organization， the armed struggle was carried out. The backbone of Yugoslavia resistance movement is all Tito’s partisans， based on local and fascist occupation expansion. Although the resistance movement in both countries adopted guerrilla warfare， the resistance movement between the two countries was very different in terms of strategy， mission， nature， scale and role of the war of resistance. Although the two won the anti-fascist victory， the outcomes are quite different.

BooksasBlades:AnInquiryintoUnitedStatesAnti-communistIdeologicalBooksProgramduringEarlyColdWar(1952—1956)

Chang Beibei

As the cold war intensified during 1950s， the ideological confrontation between U.S. and Soviet grew steadily. In order to defeat communist ideology fundamentally， instigate the “pro-western” tendency of people’s thoughts and public opinion during other countries， and occupy the world’s ideological commanding point， United States launched an all-out offensive in the field of ideology， started a naked anti-communist “ideological program” directly. In the operation of the program， by encouraging and funding the creation， publishing and distribution of theory books with official and private cooperation， United States criticized and attacked severely the ideological theory foundation of socialism， with intent to achieve the sinister motive of weakening the influence of communism and eventually toppling its ruling basis.

EarlyTreatiesbetweenBritainandBuramaaswellasBurma’sCounterparts(1647—1700)

Huang Yunchuan

Regardless of the fact that commercial stations were established in Syriam located in southern Burma by the British East India Company, there had not been a formal trade relationship between the United Kingdom and Burma. In 1680, the British East India Company drafted 18 commercial terms to the Burma government, which ended up with the rejection by Burma. In 1695, Britain submitted an informal treaty to the Burma government again. At this time, Burma’s attitude had changed, from the decisive rejection initially to the one-by-one reply to the British proposal eventually. What the involvement of Britain in two early treaties in Burma indicated is that the British attempted to use the “treaty” to break the occluding foreign trade environment in Burma, aiming to obtain more trading privileges benefited from it. Also, it reflected Burma’s reaction and response to the “treaty”, a totally untouched state relationship model.

TheMuslimBrotherhoodinEurope:FormthePerspectiveoftheRelationshipwithGovernments

Li Guang

In the 50-60s of 20 century， some Muslim Brotherhood members arrived in Europe， and started to build their network amore local Arab students. After 80s， Europe Muslim Brotherhood started to focus on Europe Continent， and soon became one of the most important Islamic organizations. With the need for immigrant integration and counter-terrorism， many Muslim Brotherhood organizations became European governments’ dialogue partners. But their cooperation ran into problematic for their different core values.

AnAnalysisoftheIranianArabIssue

Chen Likuan

The Arab ethnic issue is one of the three major ethnic problems in Iran. In history, the Arab peoples who lived in tribal society were lack of national identity to Iran. In the process of modern nation-state building and modernization of Iran, the Arabs in Iran lived in the edge position in the political, economic and social life for long. The discriminatory policies of the Iran governments in ethnic culture were the casues for the Arab peoples’ dissatifaction. The high centralised development strategy of Iran in central regions left the living condition of the Arabs unimproved. The external forces’ interventions made Arab ethnic issue complicated and internationalised. All of these brought new challenges to the modernization and national stability of Iran. Iran government should implement an inclusive ethnic policy with being ware of the manipulation of the ethnic minorities in Iran by the external forces to interven Iran’s internal affairs.

“SandaogouCase”andtheSolutionsofKoreaduringtheKangxiPeriod

Zhang Yueying

The border between China and Korea is closely linked， and there are many cross-border cases between the two countries. The issue of Korean border people crossing the border to collect ginseng is an important part of the study of the border areas of China and Korea. In the past， the scholars introduced it as the background of the investigation of border between China and Korea， lacked in-depth research. Through combing of the historical materials of China and Korea， I think that the land defense policies of China and Korea， the ginseng trade between China and Korea， and the tribute burden of Korea all resulted in the Korean border people crossing the border to collect ginseng. The representative Sandaogou case that occurred in this background was a serious case in which the Korean border people killed the Qing officials， causing serious negotiations between China and Korea. After the case， on the one hand， the Korea strengthened the defense and management of the border areas bettween China and Korea， and cancelled the “Houzhou Fu”. On the other hand， regulations on the prohibition of ginseng were drawn up to ban the harvesting and selling of ginseng. Such actions led to a slow social development in the northwestern border region in Korea， and weaked military power. The ban on ginseng trade further caused reduce of Korea’s tax revenue， business depression， and national hardship.The Korean people’s livelihood became more difficult.

DistortedRequiemandEthnicCulturalMemory——AStudyonYoshidaMitsuru’sRevisionsofHisSenkanYamato-noSaigo

Li Xiangge and Liu Yan

After the completion of the original manuscript ofSenkanYamato-noSaigo，TheLastDaysofBattleshipYamato) in 1946， Japanese author Yoshida Mitsuru revised the draft many times until he issued the definitive edition in 1974. The book’s combination ofbungotai， a classical Japanese literary style used for military reports， and romantic and dramatic account becomes one of the typical narrative patterns of postwar war literature in Japan. The book consisted of personal memories functions as the requiem for souls of people and helps revise the history. Thanks to the active participation of authors， readers and reviewers， stories of the battleship Yamato are constantly reproduced and transformed. Accordingly， the battleship Yamato is endowed with honors likeKamikazeYamatoandTechnologicalYamatoand believed to bear universal values of the world. Works on the battleship Yamato are calledHeikeMonogatariintheShowaEraorPostwarLiteratureofDefeat. They gradually become a part of the cultural memory of Japan and are “naturally” accepted by common Japanese. However， the unconscious power of imperialist nationalism hidden in such works is undoubtedly tremendous and dreadful.