汪春英
摘 要:英语学习者写译中存在高频率雷同的语法错误:句子结构不正确,数个动词按中文顺序排列,主谓层次不清,使读者难以领会其意义。此问题可归因为非谓语动词使用的缺失。鉴于非谓语动词的使用能增强语言表达的灵活性,学习者有必要借助大量阅读掌握其用法,并且在写译中通过简化从句、定语分词化、状语分词化等方式,养成习惯性使用非谓语动词的意识。
关键词:非谓语动词;使用缺失;惯常化路径
中图分类号:H314.3 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1673-2596(2019)11-0131-04
一、引言
学英文不可避免绕不开非谓语动词。非谓语动词短语、独立结构等概念往往给学习者带来莫名的困惑。下文将简单阐释其概念和习惯用法,以达到简易明了常态运用非谓语动词的目的。学习者想要彻底弄清它,还需要大量阅读地道的英文书籍和杂志等。
根据英语语法学知识,非谓语动词有三种形式:不定式(infinitive)、-ing分词(-ing participle)、-ed分词(–ed participle)。它们在句中可担任除了谓语之外的任何句子成分,例如主语、宾语、定语、状语等,所以被称为非谓语动词。不定式、-ing分词和-ed分词均有动词的性质,又有非动词的性质。非动词性质表现在:它们有时候相当于名词,有时候相当于形容词,有时候相当于副词[1]。
简单地说,它们的句法功能可列举如下:
主语:可选用-ing分词、带定冠词the的-ed分词、不定式及其短语;但往往用It作形式主语,分词或不定式短语等真正的主语放在句子末尾。
宾语:可选用-ing分词、不定式及其短语;也往往用It作形式宾语,分词或不定式短语放在句末。
主语补足语:可选用-ing分词、-ed分词、不定式及其短语。
宾语补足语:可选用-ing分词、-ed分词、不定式及其短语。
前置定语:可选用-ing分词、-ed分词及其构成的复合形容词(由分词之前附加一个名词、形容词或副词构成)。
后置定语:可选用-ing分词、-ed分词、不定式及其短语。
状语:可选用-ing分词、-ed分词、不定式及其短语或独立结构(由with +名词 + -ing / -ed分词或不定式短语构成)。
二、非谓语动词使用是地道英文的标记
非谓语动词重要性可以体现在多方面,它的大量使用是地道的英文书面语一大特色。当我们大量阅读时,会发现英文书面语中非谓语动词的使用无处不在。为了印证这一点,不妨以《新视野大学英语》第四册课本[2]为例,总共8单元合计16篇文章,平均每篇978个字,大概50个句子。每篇文章里都有大量的-ing分词和-ed分词作定语、状语以及-ing分词作主语、宾语和补足语的用法。至于不定式的使用,前2单元4篇文章里就有48个句子与此有关。具体事实列举如下:
1.-ing分词作前置、后置定语,共有84个句子。例如:
(1)You need to have appealing product or service and a compelling strategy.
(2)Every night several hundred planes bearing a purple, white, and orange design touch down at Memphis Airport, in Tennessee.
2.-ing分詞作目的、伴随等各种状语,共有70个句子。
(3)Gamblers with a high threshold for risk put money into a slot machine hoping for a big return, but with each pull of the lever they lose some money playing the odds.
(4)“Wow, what presumption! Ill put it in a way someone as brilliant as you can understand,” retorted Polly, her voice dripping with sarcasm.
3.-ing分词作主语、宾语,共有105个句子。
(5)Understanding how and in what situations they occur can give you an awareness of your own limitations and allow you to factor them into your decision-making.
(6)They might decide that they had better keep spending money at the machine.
4.-ing分词作主语补足语、宾语补足语,共有7个句子。
(7)Most of the toys that young boys have played with were weir-looking, like the one called Buzz-Off that was part human, part flying insect.
(8)Even then I could see how exhausting it was for a mother to cater all day to the needs of young children.
5.-ed分词作前置、后置定语,共有97个句子。
(9)Immediate and well-deserved outrage;
(10)Since the retention and retrieval of memories is biased toward vivid, sensational, or emotionally charged examples, decisions based on them can often lead to strange, inaccurate conclusions.
6.-ed分词作原因、结果等各种状语,共有16个句子。
(11)Cured of the disease by the age of 10, he became a star athlete in high school, playing football, basketball, and baseball.
(12)Extreme makeovers are all the rage these days, with too many people addicted to Botox injection parties and reality shows.
7.不定式作后置定语占了10/48的比例、作目的状语占了5/48的比例。
(13)When the boss asks him what his qualifications are, he says he has six children to feed.
(14)I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her “well-spoken”.
除了上述大学教材之外,我们曾在中国日报网(英文版)很随意地选取一篇文章[3],全文总共30个英文句子。运用了-ing分词、-ed分词的句子就有19个;运用了不定式作后置定语、目的状语等句子就有13个。可见用英文表达无论何时都离不开非谓语动词的使用。然而,我们又不得不承认下列事实。
三、非谓语动词使用缺失是学习者英文表达的软肋
无论何时何地,只要浏览大学生所写的英语作文和汉译英翻译,就会发现这类普遍的错误:句子结构不正确,一个句子中有几个谓语动词,且按中文的顺序排列,让读者理不清句子层次关系,当然也就无法快速理解句子所表达的意义。例如:
*They think they are parents are speak more with the age increase.
*The long holiday is becoming a chance of people can get together with their parents.
*Most people choose to go home take with their families.
*They think cost more time to play games or watch TV about students is a mistake.
以上这些都是大二年级学生所写的错误句子,类似的句子实在太多。我们曾在电脑里登记了166条。对于这类错误,学界众多学者也早有关注和研究,例如:
书先生在“浙大语趣”一文里写道:“流水句run-on sentence是中国英语学习者最常犯的错误之一。这也是翻译中最显眼的错误。所谓流水句,是指两个或多个动词之间没有任何显性的连接标志来显示其关系。两个动词间的关系可能是平行的,这被称为并列句,比如:They are the predecessors and they explored the unknown.(这里and就是显性标记。)一个动词可能依赖另一个动词存在,这有两种情况,一是从句:They are the predecessors who explored the unknown.(这里引导词who就是显性标记。)二是非限定动词结构,比如:They are the predecessors exploring the unknown.(這里现在分词形式doing就是显性标记,因为predecessors和explore是主动关系,所以用exploring。)英文中两个动词之间的连接方式,有且只有这三种,而且可以互相转换。”[4]问题的关键是部分大学生弄不清楚两个动词之间的第二种依赖关系:非限定动词结构,即非谓语动词结构的用法。
吕瑞昌提出的翻译策略是:“当汉语中同一个主语后有两个或两个以上的动词出现时,在翻译成英文时,首先必须正确的判断几个动词在意义上的相互关系。然后根据英语的特点,将表示主从关系里的主要动词译成英语的谓语,将其它动词译成不定式、-ing分词、-ed分词等。”[5]言下之意,用英文表达遇到多个动词出现时,离不开非谓语动词的使用。
“英语中一个句子通常不能有两个(以上)谓语动词”[6]。根据这一原则,我们可以确定何时使用非谓语动词,何时不使用非谓语动词。总之,不得不面对和思考这种事实:一方面,在地道的英文篇章里,非谓语动词的使用相当普遍;另一方面,学习者在用英文写译时很少使用非谓语动词,不能正确处理一个句子里有多个动词同时出现的层次关系,致使此类语句错误层出不穷,出现在一届又一届学生的书面作业中。因此,我们需要去关注非谓语动词的使用,而且这么做是有价值的。
四、非谓语动词使用惯常化的思维路径
(一)从句可简化,选用-ing分词、-ed分词或不定式
我们在书面表达时最常用的从句有宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句。其实这些从句都可以用-ing分词、-ed分词或不定式取而代之,简化语句。田贵森教授曾概括出现代英语词汇选用的特征是:现代社会人们越来越倾向于使用名词、名词短语、非谓语动词短语等而不是从句,曾经充斥着整篇文章的定语从句、状语从句现在都最大程度地削减或被取代[7]。例证如下:
1.定语从句可换成-ing分词、-ed分词或不定式短语
(15)The people who are sitting there in the sun are tourists. → The people sitting there in the sun are tourists.
(16)There are many difficulties that will have to be overcome. → There are many difficulties to overcome.
2.状语从句可换成-ing分词、-ed分词或不定式短语
(17)If you work hard, you will succeed. → Working hard, you will succeed.
(18)He spoke loudly so that he himself could be hard. → He spoke loudly so as to be heard.
3.宾语从句可换成-ing分词或不定式短语
(19)I hope that Ill be able to come. → I hope to be able to come.
(20)We consider that he is very trustworthy. → We consider him to be very trustworthy.
-ing分词、-ed分词短语指的是动词的-ing或-ed形式后面跟有其宾语或状语;不定式短语指的是不定式符号“to”后面的动词带有宾语或状语。选用-ing分词、-ed分词或不定式短语的大体依据是:-ing分词表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念;或表示某种用途或主动或正在进行的意义;-ed分词则表示被动或已经完成的意义;不定式表示具体的个别的动作或有将来含义的动作或做事的整个过程[8]。
(二)定语修饰限制名词,可选用-ing分词、-ed分词或不定式
定语涉及到前置还是后置,限制性还是非限制性这几种情况,不妨先区分它们的概念:前置定语指的是出现在中心词之前的修饰成分,后置定语指的是出现在中心词之后的修饰成分。限制性定语是被修饰词在意义上不可缺少的定语,如果去掉,整个句子的意思就不完整或失去意义,这种定语和被修饰词之间的关系十分密切,写时不用逗号分开。相反,非限制性定语和被修饰词之间的关系不十分密切,只是对其作些附加的说明,如果去掉,句子的意思仍然清楚。这种定语和句子其它部分之间往往用逗号分开。
1.用-ing分词、-ed分词或复合形容词作前置定语
-ing分词、-ed分词之前可附加一个名词、形容词或副词,构成复合形容词。附加词与分词之间通常有连词符号,此复合形容词应放在所修饰的名词之前。例如:Damaging situations; a dogged, brilliant lawyer; a cost-cutting measure; a newly-opened small restaurant.
2.用-ing分词、-ed分词短语作后置定语或非限制性定语
这种情况使用频率相当高,在第四册16篇文章里总共出现了181次。有时候,主语与谓语之间插入-ing分词或-ed分词短语,且用逗号隔开,便是非限制性定语。例如:
(21)A small drop of ink, falling like dew upon a thought, can make millions think.
(22)Wolves, once feared and killed, are being reintroduced into the environment.
用不定式短語作后置定语的情况也常见,例如:
(23)The note was a simple request for a porter to be sent to the room.
(24)He has a wish to travel round the world.
(三)状语修饰限制动作或状态,可选用-ing分词、-ed分词或不定式
1.直接用–ing分词、-ed分词或不定式短语作状语
它们可放在句首或句末,做各种状语,表示原因、伴随等。例如:
(25)Expecting a spectacular display, the crowd eagerly awaited the fireworks.
(26)Inspired by the reach of the woods and the magnificent view, he was able to finish his novel.
但是,表达目的状语时,一般使用不定式短语,不定式符号“to”甚至可换成“in order to”, “so as to”等;表达结果状语时,用不定式,且在“to”前加上“only”则表达意料之外的结果。例如:
(27)I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her “well-spoken”.
(28)They spent a lot of time negotiating for a pay increase, only to get fired.
2.用–ing分词或-ed分词独立结构作状语
“with+名词/代词+–ing分词或-ed分词短语”构成的独立结构在句子中作各种状语,这是最多见的独立结构,可放在句子的句首或句末,与主句之间用逗号隔开。例如:
(29)With the snow having stopped, we were able to continue our journey.
(30)The audience bored, many began to go to sleep.
当然,在用英文写译的时候,还涉及到主语、宾语、主语补足语、宾语补足语可从不定式、-ing分词或带定冠词the的-ed分词中选用的情况。限于篇幅和易于掌握的原因,此处作了省略,学习者可通过大量英文阅读悟出其用法。
五、结论
综上所述,我们得出非谓语动词的实质:由于英语的句法规则是任何句子无论长短都只能有一个谓语,所以非谓语动词的存在和使用就是让写译者拿来巧妙处理多个动词同时出现的问题,从而增强语言表达的灵活性、多样性和便捷性。因此建议学习者关注非谓语动词,少用从句,取而代之用非谓语动词;多用非谓语动词担任定语和状语,尤其是定语分词化、状语分词化;同时大量阅读英文书刊留意其用法,在英文写译中养成不由自主地使用非谓语动词的习惯。
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(责任编辑 赛汉其其格)
Abstract: In the non-English majors' composition writing and Chinese-English translation exercise, there is a high-frequently occurred English language grammar error, which exists year in and year out and can be summarized as follows: Sentence is often wrong with a few verbs appeared simultaneously and arranged in the order of Chinese sentence structure without any conjunction, so that readers are unable to make clear its subject and predicate components instantly, thus cannot grasp the sentence meaning either. This sentence error may be attributed to being lacking in the use of non-finite verb. Since non-finite verb plays an important role in increasing the flexibility and variety of expressing in English, English learners have to master its usage by extensively reading, and then try to use it in writing and translation as often as possible, by using non-finite verb phrases to replace clauses, to act as a modifier or an adverbial in a sentence. Gradually learners will develop the habit of using it consciously or unconsciously.
Keywords: Non-finite Verb; Lack of Non-finite Verb Use; Ways of Habitually Using Non-finite Verb