白雪
高考试题无论如何变化多端,多彩纷呈,对知识和能力的考查总是通过一个又一个具体的句式进行的。阅读理解中不可避免去会遇到几个复杂长难句。如何突破语篇中的长难句就成为解决阅读理解题的难点和提高成绩的关键。
为什么长句难懂?一是因为词汇积累不够;二是缺乏句子分析的基本知识与技巧。看懂句子要从五个方面入手:词义、词类、句子成分、句子结构及种类、分析技巧。
同学们在积累词汇的时候,除了背记词汇的含义外,还要注意它的词类,以及各种词类在句中的作用,反过来,句子的各种成分主要由哪些词类的词充当。
词类在句子中的作用:
主要成分及充当各成分的典型词类:
不论多难多长的句子,最后都可以归属于以下五种基本句型。简单句的五种基本句型是:
在实际生活中,简单句远远满足不了人们的表达需求,所以简单句被and,but,or等并列连词连接,就形成了并列句。即:
并列句=简单句+并列连词(and, but, or等不)+简单句
如:You help him and he helps you.
简单句中某一成分由另一个句子充当,就形成了复合句,即三大从句(定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句)。即:
复合句=简单句(主句)+从句连接词+简单句(从句)或者从句连接词+简单句(从句)+ 简单句(主句)
如:The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. 或When they were at the Great Wall, the foreign visitors took a lot of pictures.
并列句和复合句同时出现在一个句子中,就是复杂的并列复合句。如:
English is widely used in the world but China has the largest number of people who speak Chinese.
我们要记住以上句型并不难,重要的是要利用它们,看懂长难句子。通过对高考真题进行分析,我们发现真题中的复杂句式有如下几个特点:句子信息量大,附加成分多,结構复杂,分隔现象,省略现象普遍,这些都增加了阅读的难度。
我们要遵循由简到繁,循序渐进的认知规律,在掌握五个基本句型的基础上,利用结构分析法,仔细分析,理解复杂长难句。结构分析法一般可以遵循以下几个步骤:
第一步:判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句。
第二步:找出句子的主干成分(主语和谓语),分清句子附属成分,理解句子大意。
第三步:整合每一个从句和主句的意思,达到对整个长难句的准确理解。
下面分为六种情况,来仔细介绍一下结构分析法的具体应用。
1. 带有较多成分的简单句的处理方法——去枝叶,留主干。
Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year to help to reduce unemployment pressures.
句子主干是:Schools are expected to hire college graduates.
2. 含有多个从句的复合句的处理方法——找从属连词,分析从句, 理解句意。
Whereas a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasnt unusual to hear a man say that he didnt know that his friends marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.
尽管一个女人最亲密的女性朋友可能是第一个告诉她离开一次失败婚姻的人;而听见一个男人说直到一天晚上,他的朋友问他是否可以睡在他家的沙发上,他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕,这是很平常的。
3. 并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法——先读懂并列句,再看主从复合句。
If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare”,“Samuel Johnson”, and“Webster”,∣but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didnt even speak English—William, the Conqueror.
如果你让人们说出一个曾经对英语产生过巨大影响的人,他们准会说像莎士比亚、塞缪尔·约翰逊 、韦伯斯特等诸如此类的人。但论其影响他们当中无人能抵得上一个甚至不会说英语的人——征服者威廉。
4. 含有插入语的句子的处理方法——忽略插入成分,直奔句子主干。
这种句子的特点是在正常的句子中插入一些或长或短的成分或分句,比如分词、插入语、同位语(从句)、非限制性定语从句、状语从句等,打断读者的思路,割裂前后之间的语义,造成理解上的困难。我们称之为“打岔”。有时有逗号或破折号分开。
The lack of right male role models in many of their lives—at home and particularly in the school environment—means that their peers(同齡人)are the only people they have to judge themselves against.
在他们很多人的生活中,如在家里,尤其是在学校,缺少合适的男性榜样,这就意味着他们只好对照自己的同龄人来评判自己。
Science has become so important in the modern world, with its procedures so highly standardized and so widely accepted, that it is included among modern social institutions.
随着科学研究程序达到高度标准化并被广泛接受,在当今世界上,科学已变得如此重要,以至被纳入现代社会制度之中。
5. 成分省略的处理方法——把握大意, 找出上文对应信息, 补充省略成分。
The magazine is male-targeting because young guys generally wont pick up a magazine that appears to be directed at females, whereas girls usually will.
省略了:pick up a magazine that appears to be directed at females
6. 倒装句的处理方法——确定主语,调整语序,把握大意。
Before 1066, in the land we now call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups.
正常语序:Peoples belonging to two major language groups lived in the land we now call Great Britain
分析法运用
以下各句均选自2019年全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解的短文,请阅读各句,运用结构分析法,看看自己是否能够准确地理解这些句子。
1. Go to the government website to learn about programs and online tools available to help people under 30 build skills, find a job or start businesses all year round.(A篇)
2. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates.(C篇)
3. Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date—sharing, kindness, openness—carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.(D篇)
1. 一年到头都可以上政府网页了解项目和有用的线上工具,这些工具能够帮助三十岁以下的人增强技能,找到工作或者创业。
2. 根据参与者如何打字,从这台装置上收集来的数据可以用来辨认他们,错误率极低。
3. 普林斯坦博士还发现,身边的人会邀请你一起玩,是因为你具有如下品质——爱分享,与人友善,开放率真。而这些品质会使你在今后更好地与人相处。
责任编辑 蒋小青