体罚对特殊儿童影响的调查

吕静

摘要：目的  體罚已经成为特殊儿童康复训练中常见的干预方法，这是一种不良的现象。通过问卷调查探讨体罚对特殊儿童各方面的影响。方法  采用随机抽样法，选择2018年6～10月在我院进行康复训练的150名特殊儿童的家长作为调查对象，以中文修订版体罚态度问卷（ATPP）调查儿童父母对待体罚的态度，以自制调查问卷调查父母对体罚行为的认知及体罚行为实施情况。结果  ①本次共发放问卷150份，回收问卷143份，有效问卷123份，回收率95.33%，有效率82.00%;②有效问卷中父亲作答52份，母亲作答71份，其中父亲体罚态度得分（66.97±16.08）分，母亲体罚态度得分为（54.76±20.95）分;③20.32%的家长了解体罚，64.22%的家长都用过体罚，57.72%的家长认为体罚有用，34.95%的家长认为孩子会模仿体罚行为，26.82%的家长认为体罚会上瘾，29.26%的家长认为体罚会影响亲子关系，84.55%的家长在体罚时夹杂个人情绪。结论  绝大多数父母赞同体罚行为，体罚会使实施体罚者上瘾，同时会影响儿童与家长之间的关系，也会影响儿童身心健康发展。应该呼吁家长慎用或禁用体罚，不断探索新的解决儿童不良行为的方法。

关键词：体罚;特殊儿童;康复训练;问卷调查

中图分类号：C913.5;C912.82                            文献标识码：A                           DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2019.15.041

文章编号：1006-1959（2019）15-0126-03

Abstract：Objective  Corporal punishment has become a common intervention method in rehabilitation training for special children， which is a bad phenomenon. To explore the impact of corporal punishment on all aspects of special children through a questionnaire survey.Methods  June-October 2018，One hundred and fifty parents of special children who were treated in three departments of rehabilitation treatment in Xi'an Encephalopathy Hospital of traditional Chinese Medicine were investigated by random sampling. The attitude of parents to corporal punishment was measured with the Chinese revised version of the questionnaire of Corporal punishment attitude questionnaire （ATPP）. Self-made questionnaire was used to measure parents' cognition of corporal punishment and corporal punishment behavior. SPSS software was used to analyze parents' attitude to corporal punishment and its correlation. Results  ①A total of 150 questionnaires were sent out， 143 questionnaires were recovered， 123 valid questionnaires were valid， the recovery rate was 95.33%， and the effective rate was 82.00%.②The standard deviation of father's corporal punishment attitude was （66.97±16.08）， and the attitude standard deviation of mother's corporal punishment was （54.76±20.95）.③20.32% of parents were aware of corporal punishment， 64.22% of parents had used corporal punishment， and 57.72% of parents considered corporal punishment useful. 34.95% of parents thought their children would imitate corporal punishment， 26.82% believed that physical punishment would be addictive， 29.26% believed that corporal punishment would affect parent-child relationships， and 84.55% of parents had personal emotions in corporal punishment.Conclusion  Children can imitate the behavior of corporal punishment. Corporal punishment will make physical punishment addictive， affect the relationship between children and their parents， and also reflect many aspects that are not conducive to children's personal growth and physical and mental development. Corporal punishment should be used or prohibited with caution， and new ways to deal with children's bad behavior should be constantly explored.

3.2对策及建议  特殊儿童的康复训练是一个漫长的过程，儿童家长承受着经济压力、心理压力等各种压力。体罚属于正惩罚的一种，它只是起到恐吓儿童的作用，并没有教会儿童正确的行为准则，同时它可能给儿童带来危害，尤其是身体或者精神性质的正惩罚（躯体或者情感的虐待）虽然有可能立即终止儿童的问题行为，但其代价也惨重。父母应以儿童的身心健康发展为本，正视问题，慎用、禁用体罚来教育儿童，需做到以下几点：①正确看待孩子的每一个行为：分析儿童的每一个行为，教会儿童沟通、正确表达自己的情緒，不断寻找新的解决方法，教会儿童正确的行为表现方式，这样从根源上解决儿童的不良行为问题。②进行自我反思：儿童出现不良行为时，是不是儿童不会用正确的方式表达自己的情感，或者是康复训练过于简单，儿童觉得没意思，或者训练没有遵从新旧技能训练原则，儿童失去了信心，表现出不良行为。③建立和维护与儿童之间的关系：不管是亲子关系还是师生关系等，都需要不断深入儿童内心，建立信任感，这也是顺利完成每一项康复训练的切入点，良好的信任可以使训练事半功倍。④时刻以道德规范和伦理学原则约束自己：父母是儿童的榜样，这就要求家长要遵守道德规范和伦理学原则，逐渐建立儿童良好的个人品质。

总之，特殊儿童的康复训练要以儿童的身心健康发展为原则，呼吁家长慎用或禁用体罚，避免儿童产生长期心理创伤。父母应以孩子的兴趣为出发点，让他们在快乐中进行各种康复训练，最终成为一个身心健康的儿童。

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收稿日期：2019-2-26;修回日期：2019-4-25

编辑/成森