何航,熊子标,首雅潇,谢清,谢和芳
不同饲养方式对雏鹅夜间采食行为的影响
何航1,2,熊子标1,首雅潇1,谢清1,谢和芳1
(1西南大学动物科学学院,重庆 402460;2重庆三峡职业学院动物科技学院,重庆 404155)
探究两种饲养方式对0—3周龄雏鹅夜间采食行为的影响,分析夜间采食行为与生产性能的关系,以期为生产中安排饲喂模式提供参考。将120只体重基本一致((97.78±2.67)g)的1日龄四川白鹅随机分为两组(公母各半),即网上平养(net rearing,NR)组和地面平养(floor rearing,FR)组,每组设6个重复,每个重复10只鹅。试验于2016年8月在西南大学畜禽养殖基地进行,试验期共21 d,平均温度为(28.72±2.16)℃,相对湿度为(85.76±8.73)%。参照美国NRC(1994)鹅的营养需要配制日粮,代谢能为11.97 MJ·kg-1,粗蛋白质含量为20.43%,试验期自由采食和饮水。记录日采食量,于7、14和21日龄称重,参照中华人民共和国农业行业标准-家禽生产性能名词术语和度量统计方法(NY/T 823-2004)测定试验期平均日采食量、平均日增重和料重比;在试验结束前3d,利用红外高清监控摄像系统进行录像采集,将视频采集后,利用视频软件,参照鸡和小鼠夜间行为观察的方法加以改进,每间隔10 min设定为一个视频段,共72个视频段,重复观察鹅的夜间采食行为,观察时间为18:00至次日6:00,记录鹅夜间采食行为时间。NR组平均每只鹅夜间采食行为持续时间为19.07 min,FR组平均每只鹅夜间采食行为持续时间14.26 min,二者间差异极显著(<0.01)。两种饲养方式下雏鹅初始体重差异不显著(>0.05),NR组鹅末重显著高于FR组(<0.05),NR组平均日采食量极显著高于FR组(<0.01),平均日增重显著高于FR组(<0.05),料重比二者间差异不显著(>0.05)。对夜间采食行为持续时间与生产性能相关性分析可知,NR组夜间采食行为持续时间与平均日采食量呈显著正相关(=0.796,<0.05),与平均日增重也呈显著正相关(=0.807,<0.05),与料重比呈显著负相关(=-0.816,<0.05);FR组夜间采食行为持续时间与平均日采食呈极显著正相关(=0.950,<0.01),与平均日增重呈显著正相关(=0.801,<0.05),与料重比之间没有显著相关性(=-0.573,>0.05)。通过建立夜间采食行为持续时间与生产性能间回归方程可知,NR组平均日采食量1(g·d-1)、平均日增重2(g·d-1)和料重比3与夜间采食行为持续时间1(min/12h)的回归方程分别为:1=-222.70+29.961-0.7821(2=0.956,=0.009)、2=6.73+1.461(2=0.650,=0.043)、3=2.83-0.051(2=0.654,=0.050);由于FR组料重比与夜间采食行为持续时间之间没有显著相关性,固不能建立回归方程。因此,FR组平均日采食量4(g·d-1)、平均日增重5(g·d-1)与夜间采食行为持续时间2(min/12h)的回归方程分别为:4=-10.10+4.132(2=0.904,=0.004)、5=-39.82+4.832(2=0.644,=0.045)。两种饲养方式下,NR组鹅夜间采食行为持续时间高于FR组,且夜间采食行为的增加提高了鹅的生产性能。因此,建议生产中采用网上育雏方式,同时要保证夜间饲粮的供应,满足雏鹅的夜间采食活动。
饲养方式;鹅;夜间采食行为
【研究意义】动物的采食活动是其生存的基本活动之一,与动物的生长有紧密联系[1-2]。探究不同饲养方式对动物夜间采食行为的影响,分析夜间采食行为与生产性能的关系,对生产过程中合理安排饲喂模式具有重要意义。【前人研究进展】影响动物采食的因素较多[3-4],关于饲养方式对动物采食的影响报道差异较大。有研究发现,饲养方式对动物的采食行为存在显著影响[5-6]。散养蛋鸡采食行为发生次数显著低于笼养蛋鸡[7]。Kabir肉鸡在传统饲养系统下总的采食行为持续时间要显著低于有机饲养系统[8]。火鸡在放养模式下,其采食行为持续时间显著高于限养模式[9]。但也有研究表明饲养方式对采食行为无显著影响,CHOW等[10]的研究发现,缅甸红野鸡在笼养与散养条件下,其采食行为发生次数差异不显著。ROLL等[11]研究表明,笼养和地面平养蛋鸡的采食行为持续时间差异不显著。【本研究切入点】目前,关于鹅的采食行为研究较少,梁艳娟等[12]报道称,鹅有夜间采食的习惯。育雏阶段是家禽生长过程中的关键时期,对后期生长有重要影响。但关于不同饲养方式下雏鹅夜间采食行为及其与生产性能的关系尚未见报道。【拟解决的关键问题】本试验以0—3周龄雏鹅为对象,研究不同饲养方式对雏鹅夜间采食行为的影响,分析夜间采食行为与生产性能的关系,旨在为生产中是否保证雏鹅夜间采食提供基础数据。
试验于2016年8月在西南大学畜禽养殖基地进行,试验期平均温度为(28.72±2.16)℃,相对湿度为(85.76±8.73)%。
选择1日龄,体重为(97.78±2.67)g的四川白鹅120只,公母各60只,将公母鹅分别随机分为网上平养(net rearing,NR)和地面平养(floor rearing,FR)两个组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鹅,重复内公母各半。每重复试验鹅饲养面积均为3.5 m×3.0 m。其中,网上平养为铁条材质,地面平养为水泥地板材质,整个圈舍为砖混结构,每个圈舍外有3.5 m×4.0 m的运动场。NR组和FR组均安装有2个食槽和2个饮水槽,试验日粮参照美国NRC(1994)鹅的营养需要配制[13],饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。试验开始前对鹅舍全面消毒,以后每周用百毒杀消毒一次,试验期自由采食和饮水,用红外保温灯进行保温,按照常规免疫程序免疫。
1.2.1 夜间采食行为持续时间 行为录像采集前,在每个圈舍上方2.5 m处安装1台红外高清摄像头(海康威视DS-2CD3310D-I,杭州海康威视数字技术有限公司),用于采集鹅的行为。参照吕敏思[14]、卞宏生[15]观察鸡和小鼠夜间行为的方法加以改进,在试验结束前3 d,采集鹅在18:00至次日6:00的采食行为,利用视频软件(VSPalyer V7.2.0,杭州海康威视数字技术有限公司)每间隔10 min设定为一个视频段,共72个视频段。在观察录像时,按重复记录鹅只在12 h内的采食行为持续时间,最后以12 h内采食行为持续时间除以重复内鹅只数进行统计。
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)
预混料为每千克饲粮提供:维生素A 2000 IU,维生素D31000 IU,维生素E 3000 mg,维生素K3200 mg,维生素B1100 mg,维生素B21200 mg,维生素B6200 mg,维生素B122.5 mg,烟酸600 mg,泛酸1800 mg,叶酸200 mg,生物素20 mg,铁 6 g,铜0.2 g,锰15 g,锌8 g,碘10 mg,硒30 mg
The premix provide the following per kg of diets: VA 2000 IU, VD31000 IU, VE 3000 mg, VK3200 mg, VB1100 mg, VB21200 mg, VB6200 mg, VB122.5 mg, nicotinic acid 600 mg, pantothenic acid 1800 mg, folic acid 200 mg, biotin 20 mg, Fe 6 g, Cu 0.2 g, Mn 15 g, Zn 8 g, I 10 mg, Se 30 mg
1.2.2 生产性能指标 参照农业行业标准(NY/T 823—2004)[16]测定生产性能。以重复为单位,每天早上第一次喂料前记录耗料量;试验第0、7、14、21天早上对每只鹅空腹称重,以重复为单位计算平均日采食量、平均日增重和料重比。
平均日采食量(g·d-1)=总采食量/(每重复鹅只数×试验天数);
平均日增重(g·d-1)=总增重/(每重复鹅只数×试验天数);
料重比(F/G)=平均日采食/平均日增重。
数据经Excel 2010初步整理后,用SPSS 22.0统计分析软件中Independent Samples T-test 程序作检验,用Excel软件作图,试验结果以“平均数±标准差”表示。
从图1可以看出,NR组平均每只鹅夜间采食行为持续时间极显著高于FR组(<0.01)。
两种饲养方式下雏鹅的生产性能列于表2。由表2可知,两种饲养方式下雏鹅初始体重和料重比差异不显著(>0.05),NR组鹅末重和平均日增重显著高于FR组(<0.05),NR组鹅平均日采食量极显著高于FR组(<0.01)。夜间采食行为持续时间与生产性能的相关分析结果列于表3。由表3可知,NR组鹅夜间采食行为持续时间与平均日采食量和平均日增重呈显著正相关(<0.05),与料重比呈显著负相关(<0.05)。FR组鹅夜间采食行为持续时间与平均日采食量呈极显著正相关(<0.01),与平均日增重呈显著正相关(<0.05),但与料重比之间没有显著相关性(>0.05)。
夜间采食行为持续时间与生产性能之间的回归方程列于表4。从表4可知,FR组夜间采食行为持续时间与料重比之间没有显著相关性,故二者不存在回归关系。对表4中5个回归方程进行显著性检验可知,方程的回归关系均显著(≤0.05)。通过分析可知,随着夜间采食行为持续时间的增大,平均日采食量和平均日增重均增大,料重比则减小。
图1 平均每只鹅夜间采食时间(n=6)
采食行为的表现受饲养方式的影响很大[17-18]。BOSCO等[19]研究发现,笼养条件下兔发生摄食行为的比例显著高于秸秆垫料平养和金属网上平养,这是由于笼养条件下的高密度和笼具尺寸较小可能减少了其活动引起的。研究表明,发酵床饲养生长猪比漏缝地板饲养的生长猪其单次采食行为持续时间显著提高[20-21],其原因在于发酵床饲养条件下环境丰富,会诱发猪产生更多的探究行为,特别是翻拱,激发猪的食欲,进而延长采食持续时间。本试验中,NR组平均每只鹅夜间12 h内采食行为持续时间为19.27 min,这与吴德国等[22]报道的平均每只雏鹅白天12 h的采食时间18.80 min基本一致。而FR组平均每只鹅夜间12 h内采食行为持续时间仅为14.26 min,极显著低于NR组,这与姜旭明等[23]的研究结果存在一定差异,他们研究发现,地面平养鸡在采食行为上花费的时间占比要高于网上平养。是因为地面平养添加有垫料,丰富了圈舍环境,能激发鸡的探究行为,由于探究行为能增加动物的感觉输入,被称为“刺激饥饿”[1],进而引起鸡的食欲增加,同时,垫料饲养下的鸡,其舒适度和福利也得到大大提高,故鸡的采食时间占比要高于网上平养。BOLHUIS等[24]也研究表明,有垫料组的猪,其摄食行为时间占比显著高于无垫料饲养组。本试验与前人研究存在差异的可能原因一是物种不同;二是本试验中地面平养没有添加垫料,相比添加垫料的环境下,鹅的探究行为会减少,它的减少有可能导致其采食行为的发生减少,同时地面平养为水泥地面,舒适度较差,鹅易产生不舒适感,进而影响采食。圈舍环境的优劣,对家禽的采食也会产生一定的影响,WATHES[25]研究表明,家禽与排泄物接触过多易发生“氨灼伤”,引起舒适度降低,导致其采食减少。本试验中,地面平养为水泥地面,相比网上平养,鹅更容易与排泄物直接接触,其发生“氨灼伤”的几率也有可能增加,进而导致其舒适度降低,影响夜间采食行为持续时间。
表2 饲养方式对鹅生产性能的影响(n=6)
表3 生产性能与采食时间相关性(n=6)
标注有“**”表示差异极显著(<0.01),“*”表示差异显著(<0.05),没有标注“*”表示差异不显著(>0.05)
Marked “**” means very significant difference (<0.01), “*” means significant difference (<0.05), no marked “*” mean no significant difference (>0.05)
表4 采食时间回归分析结果(n=6)
1和2分别表示NR组和FR组夜间采食行为持续时间(min/12h);1和2分别表示NR组和FR组的平均日采食量(g·d-1);3和4分别表示NR和FR组的平均日增重(g·d-1);5表示NR组料重比
1and2represent the duration of nocturnal feeding behavior time (min/12h) in the NR group and the FR group, respectively;1and2represent the average daily feed intake (g·d-1) of the NR group and the FR group, respectively;3and4represent the average daily gain (g·d-1) of the NR group and the FR group, respectively;5represents the feed/gain ratio of the NR group
动物的生产性能常用ADFI、ADG、F/G来衡量[26]。本试验中,NR组鹅的生产性能优于FR组,这与前人[27-28]的研究结果基本一致。艾晓杰等[29]研究指出,鹅采食时受条件和非条件反射影响,其胰液的分泌以神经和体液分泌并存,而一旦采食停止,机体胰液分泌则以体液分泌为主,其胰液分泌速度和胰蛋白酶活性均显著降低。本试验中,在两种饲养方式下,平均日采食量和平均日增重都与夜间采食行为持续时间呈显著正相关关系,NR组鹅夜间采食行为持续时间与料重比呈显著负相关。同时,从表4的回归方程也可得知,随着夜间采食行为持续时间的增大,平均日采食量和平均日增重均增大,料重比则减小。这充分说明夜间采食有利于雏鹅生产性能的提升。其原因可能与夜间采食活动促进了消化液的分泌有关,鹅一般采食后2—4 h食物就可通过肠道排出[30],如果消化液的分泌不足,食物会来不及消化吸收就直接排出体外,进而影响生产性能的提升。采食活动的增加,促进了消化液的分泌,增强了鹅对食物的消化吸收能力,从而提升其生产性能。
两种饲养方式下,网上平养鹅的夜间采食行为持续时间高于地面平养,其生产性能也优于地面平养。同时,夜间采食有利于生产性能的提升。因此,建议生产中采用网上育雏方式,同时要保证夜间饲粮的供应,满足雏鹅的夜间采食活动。
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Effects of Rearing Modes on Nocturnal Feeding Behavior in Goslings
HE Hang1,2, XIONG ZiBiao1, SHOU YaXiao1, XIE Qing1, XIE HeFang1
(1College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460;2College of Animal Science and Technology, Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Chongqing 404155)
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of rearing modes on nocturnal feeding behavior of goslings aged from 0 to 3 weeks, and to analyze the relationship between nocturnal feeding behavior and production performance.A total of 120 Sichuan white geese at 1 day (the initial body weight was (97.78±2.67) g), with equal amount of male and female, were randomly allocated into two groups, net rearing (NR) and floor rearing (FR) , with 6 replicates and 10 geese each. The experiment was conducted at the Livestock and Poultry Breeding Base of Southwest University in August 2016; the experiment lasted for 21 days. And the average temperature during the experiment period was (28.72±2.16)℃, and the relative humidity was (85.76±8.73)%. According to the nutritional needs of the US NRC (1994) geese, the diet has a metabolic energy of 11.97 MJ·kg-1and a crude protein value of 20.43%. Geese had access to feed and waterin the experiment period. We recorded daily feed intake during the trial and weighed at 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days. And according to the agricultural industry standard of the People’s Republic of China - Poultry Production Performance Terminology and Metric Statistical Method (NY/T 823-2004) to determine the average daily feed intake, average daily gain and feed-to-weight ratio during the experiment period. And the nocturnal feeding behavior of goslings at days 19, 20 and 21, from 18:00 to the next day 6:00, was used infrared high-definition surveillance camera system for video capture. After the video was collected, the video software (VSPalyer V7.2.0, Hangzhou Hikvision Digital Technology Co., Ltd.) was used to improve the nocturnal behavior observation method of chicken and mice, and set to a video segment at intervals of 10 minutes. The totals of video segments were 72. We observed the nocturnal feeding behavior of the geese and recorded the nocturnal feeding behavior time of the geese.Data showed that the duration of nocturnal feeding behavior and the average daily feed intake of geese in group NR were highly significant difference from those of animals in group FR (<0.01), and the average daily gain and final weight of NR was significantly higher than that of FR (<0.05), while there were no significant difference in the feed/gain ratio and initial weight (>0.05) . Correlation analysis revealed that there was a significant positive correlation between nocturnal feeding behavior and production performance except for feed/gain ratio in group FR. The correlation coefficients between the duration of nocturnal feeding behavior and the average daily feed intake, the average daily gain, and feed/gain ratio were 0.796 (<0.05), 0.807 (<0.05), and -0.816 (<0.05) in group NR, and 0.950 (<0.01), 0.801 (<0.05), and -0.573 (>0.05) in group FR, respectively. Regression analysis, with the duration of nocturnal feeding behavior as the independent variable, also demonstrated that there was either a linear regression or a quadratic regression between nocturnal feeding behavior and production performance except feed/gain ratio in group FR. The regression equations of average daily feed intake1(g·d-1), average daily gain2(g·d-1) and feed/gain ratio3and nocturnal feeding behavior time1(min/12h) were2=-222.70+ 29.961-0.7821(2=0.956,=0.009),2=6.73+1.461(2=0.650,=0.043),3=2.83-0.051(2=0.654,=0.050)in group NR, respectively. Since there was no significant correlation between the feed/gain ratio of the FR group and the duration of the nocturnal feeding behavior, it was impossible to establish a regression equation. Therefore, the regression equations of average daily feed intake4(g·d-1), average daily gain5(g·d-1) and nocturnal feeding behavior time2(min/12h) were4=-10.10+4.132(2=0.904,=0.004),5=-39.82+4.832(2=0.644,=0.045) in group FR, respectively.This finding suggested that the duration of nocturnal feeding behavior of goslings in group NR should be higher than that of animals in group FR, and that the nocturnal feeding behavior could increase the production performance of geese. Therefore, we recommended the net rearing methods as well as ensuring the supplies of nocturnal food at night in production were used to meet the nocturnal feeding activities of goslings.
rearing modes; geese; nocturnal feeding behavior
10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.13.013
2017-11-07;
2019-05-10
重庆更尚科技有限公司基金(2015001)
何航,E-mail:1017124932@qq.com。
谢和芳,E-mail:xiehefang@163.com
(责任编辑 林鉴非)