风景名胜区是中国自然保护地体系的独立类型

党的十九大报告要求建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系，这是中国自然保护体制上的重大改革，具有深远的历史意义。目前改革已进入实施阶段，为更好地落实中央要求，特提出以下建议。

1)继承和发展风景名胜区管理制度。

从全世界范围看，自然保护地有2 种主要模式。

一是以美国国家公园为代表，包括中国自然保护区在内，针对生态系统完整性、原真性的保护模式。美国国家公园是对世界自然保护地的重大贡献，挽救了许多濒临破坏的自然保护地和自然遗产，推动了全世界的自然保护工作和自然保护理念的传播。我国国家公园体制建设和自然保护区管理应更多地借鉴美国国家公园的保护理念和保护模式。

二是以中国风景名胜区为代表的自然文化综合保护模式。中国风景名胜区源于我国古代的名山大川，具有数千年的发展历史，她以优美的生态环境为基础，自然与文化高度融合，是人与自然和谐共生的典范之区。风景名胜区不仅有效保护了动物、植物、山脉、水系、农田等自然生态环境，而且传承了思想、哲理、宗教、历史、文学、艺术等中国文化，对中华民族的宇宙观、价值观、审美观产生了极其重要的影响。自1982年正式建立风景名胜区制度以来，经过近40年的发展，风景名胜区已经形成了比较成熟的申报、规划、保护、建设、监管督察等一整套管理制度，取得了很多宝贵经验，具有良好的管理基础，这是森林公园、地质公园、湿地公园、水利风景区等其他自然保护地所不具备的。在今后建立国家公园体制、优化完善自然保护地体系过程中，应总结历史经验，按照中央改革要求，继承并发展风景名胜区管理制度。

2)在大类中保留风景名胜区，作为自然保护地体系的独立类型。

风景名胜区荟萃了自然之美和人文之胜，成为最壮美的国土景观，是中华民族薪火相传的共同财富，是中华民族5 000年历史延绵不断的见证。自然与文化高度融合是风景名胜区区别于世界上其他保护地的最突出特征，也使得风景名胜区成为最具中国特色的自然保护地，是世界保护地类型的重大创新，为世界探索人与自然和谐共生提供了中国智慧和中国方案。因此，在自然保护地大类中保留风景名胜区具有十分重要的历史和文化意义。而将风景名胜区置于自然公园之下，是对中国优秀历史文化的忽视。

建议按照中央改革要求，坚持国家公园的主体地位，发挥自然保护区在我国生态系统保护中的基础性作用，同时充分体现风景名胜区所代表的中国特色，全面整合森林公园、湿地公园、地质公园、水利风景区等其他保护地，建立以国家公园为主体、自然保护区为基础、风景名胜区为特色、其他保护地为补充的中国自然保护地体系(其实准确来讲，应该叫国家公园体系），走具有中国特色的国家公园体系之路。

Scenic and Historic Areas are the Independent Type of China's Nature Reserve System

The report of the 19thCPC National Congress requires the establishment of a system of natural protection places with national parks as the main body.This is a major reform of China's natural protection system and has far-reaching historical significance.At present,the reform has entered the implementation stage.In order to better implement the requirements of the central government,the following recommendations are made.

1)Inheriting and developing the management system of scenic and historic areas.

From a global perspective,there are two main modes of nature conservation.

The first is the protection model for the integrity and authenticity of the ecosystem,represented by the National Parks of the United States,including the nature reserves of China.The National Park of the United States is a major contribution to the world's nature reserves,saving many of the endangered nature reserves and natural heritage,and promoting the spread of nature conservation work and concepts around the world.China's national park system construction and nature reserve management should learn more about the protection concepts and protection models of American national parks.

The second is the comprehensive protection model of natural culture represented by the Chinese scenic and historic areas.China's scenic and historic areas originated from the ancient mountains and rivers of ancient China.It has a history of thousands of years.Based on the beautiful ecological environment,nature and culture are highly integrated,which is a model of harmonious coexistence between man and nature.The scenic and historic areas not only effectively protect the natural ecological environment such as animals,plants,mountains,water systems,and farmland,but also inherit Chinese cultures such as thought,philosophy,religion,history,literature,art,etc.,and have greatly influenced the cosmology outlook,values,and aesthetics of the Chinese nation.Since the establishment of the scenic and historic area system in 1982,after nearly 40 years of development,the scenic and historic areas have formed a relatively complete set of management systems such as declaration,planning,protection,construction,and supervision,and have gained a lot of valuable experience and have very good management basis,which is not available in forest parks,geological parks,wetland parks,water conservancy scenic areas and other natural conservation areas.In the process of establishing a national park system and optimizing and perfecting the natural protection land system in the future,we should sum up historical experience and inherit and develop the scenic and historic area management system in accordance with the requirements for reform by the central government.

2)Retaining scenic and historic area in the general category as an independent type of the nature reserve system.

The scenic and historic areas have gathered the beauty of nature and the best of humanity,and they have become the most magnificent national landscape,the common wealth of the Chinese nation,and the witness of the 5,000-year history of the Chinese nation.The combination of nature and culture is the most prominent feature of the scenic and historic areas of China different from other protected areas of the world,and also makes the scenic and historic areas the most Chinese characteristic natural protection places.It is a major innovation in the world's protected land types,providing the Chinese wisdom and scheme the world's exploration for harmony between man and nature.Therefore,it is of great historical and cultural significance to retain scenic and historic area in the general category of nature reserves.The placement of scenic and historic area under natural park is a neglect of China's excellent history and culture.

It is suggested that,in accordance with the requirements for reform by the central government,the main position of national park should be adhered to,and the basic role of the nature reserve in the protection of China's ecosystems should be brought into play.At the same time,the Chinese characteristics represented by scenic and historic areas should be fully reflected,and other protected areas such as forest parks,wetland parks,geological parks,and water conservancy scenic areas should be fully integrated.The Chinese nature reserve system (in fact,it should be called the national park system)with national parks as the main body,nature reserves as the foundation,the scenic and historic areas as the feature,and other protected areas as supplements,should be established to take the road of a national park system with Chinese characteristics.