高考英语全国卷阅读理解主旨要义题题型研究和解题指导

汪东印

自2011年以来， 17套全国卷共出现18道题考查主旨要义。其中，考查段落大意（main idea， mainly about）题2道，考查文章大意 （main idea， mainly about）题3道，要求考生给文章选标题（title）13题。具体考查情况见下表：

由上表可知，全国课标Ⅰ卷2013，2014，2015連续三年未考查主旨要义题，课标Ⅱ卷仅2015年未考查主旨要义题。但最近三年，三套题中的每一套题都有1～2题考查主旨要义，且每套题都有一道题要求考生给短文选择一个恰当的标题。也就是说，主旨要义是近三年来高考英语全国卷的必考考点，且考查重点是要求考生给文章选择一个恰当的标题。

解题方法技巧

英语中的每篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。解答主旨要义题的最主要方法是寻找主题句。多数文章的主题句在第一个段，且多为第一个句子或最后一个句子，有的在最后一段的最后一句或首尾呼应。有时，作者没有明示文章的主旨要义，需要读者从文章的字里行间进行归纳和概括。

八年来是否有主题句或主题句的位置如下表所示：

由上表可以看出，近八年来的18套试卷中，只有2018年Ⅲ卷短文大意、2017年Ⅱ卷的段落大意、2017年Ⅰ卷和2014年Ⅱ卷的选标题，没有明显主题句，需要考生自己归纳概括，共4题，占22%。其余14题均有主题句，占78%，且主题句在第三段的仅1题，在第一段的有13题，占93%。其中，在第一段第一句的有7题，第一段最后一句的有5题，第一段段中1题，其中首段与末段呼应的有3题。值得注意的是，在but或though（adv.然而，可是）后的有6题。

高考真题示例

[例1]2017年全国Ⅱ卷C篇

Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight， bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle——named the Transition——has two seats， four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition， which flew at 1，400 feet for eight minutes last month， can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground， it gets 35 miles per gallon.

Around 100 people have already put down a $10，000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sal ...

Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s ...

Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administrations decision ...

◆What is the first paragraph mainly about？

A. The basic data of the Transition.

B. The advantages of flying cars.

C. The potential market for flying cars.

D. The designers of the Transition.

思路点拨：第一段第一句是第一段的主题句吗？有没有能体现第一段段落大意的主题句呢？如果有，请在文中标出来，如果没有，请自己概括。

[例2] 2018年全国Ⅰ卷C篇

Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years， but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers， small， tightly knit（联系）groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10，000 years ago， when the world had just five to ten million people， they spoke perhaps 12，000 languages between them.

Soon afterwards， many of those people started settling down to become farmers， and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number ...

At present， the world has about 6，800 languages ...

Already well over 400 of the total of 6，800 languages are close to extinction（消亡），with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick， at random， Busuu in Cameroon（eight remaining speakers），Chiapaneco in Mexico（150），Lipan Apache in the United States（two or three）or Wadjigu in Australia（one， with a question-mark）：none of these seems to have much chance of survival.

◆ What is the main idea of the text？

A. New languages will be created.

B. Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languages.

C. Human development results in fewer languages.

D. Geography determines language evolution.

思路點拨：本题为短文大意题。主题句是第____段第____句，请在文中标出来，对比各选项，只有选_____项正确。

[例3] 2018年全国Ⅲ卷D篇

Adults understand what if it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings？ The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.

I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things， and it worked ...

For weeks， Ive been thinking of bigger， deeper questions. How do we make it a habit for them？ And how do we train ourselves to help them live with， need， and use less？ ...

We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.

◆What can be a suitable title for the text？

A. Take it or Leave it B. A Lesson from Kids

C. Live More with Less D. The Pleasure of Giving

思路点拨：本题要求考生选择恰当标题。主题句是第____段_____句，请在文中标示出来，然后对比各选项，只有____项正确。

[例4] 2016年全国Ⅱ卷C篇

Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.

Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share ...

Bruce Pederson， the managing director of Book Crossing， says，“The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read ...

People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. ...

BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the“real”and not the virtual（虚拟）. The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty five countries.

◆ What is the best title for the text？

A. Online Reading： A Virtual Tour

B. Electronic Books： A New Trend

C. A Book Group Brings Tradition Back

D. A Website Links People through Books

思路点拨：本文的主题句是第_____段____句和_________段_____句，对比各选项，只有选项_____正确。

[例5] 2017年全国Ⅰ卷C篇

Some of the worlds most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO（United Nations Educational， Scientific and Cultural Organization）recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music， its significance， and its potential as a unifying（聯合）voice across cultures.

Despite the celebrations， though， in the U. S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older， and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.

Its Jason Morans job to help change that. As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz， Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz， make the music more accessible， and preserve its history and culture.

“Jazz seems like its not really a part of the American appetite，”Moran tells National Public Radios reporter Neal Conan. “What Im hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and white any more. Its actually color， and its actually digital.”

Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that ...

Last year， Moran worked on a project that... says Moran， “So I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.”

◆ Which of the following can be the best title for the text？

A. Exploring the Future of jazz. B. The Rise and Fall of jazz.

C. The Story of a jazz Musician. D. Celebrating the Jazz Day.

思路点拨：本文前_____段只是提供背景，主题句是第_____段第_____句，对比各选项，只有选项A正确。

参考答案与解析

例1. A 段落大意题。本段没有表达段落大意的主题句，需要考生归纳。第一句是导语，扼要地提示全文的核心内容。第二句简要介绍了该汽车的构造；第三、四句介绍了相关数据，仅阿拉伯数字就达5处，即本段主要是介绍了这种汽车的基本数据，对比各选项，只有选项A正确。本段并没有指出其优缺点，更未提及其潜在市场和设计者，故排除选项B、C和D。遇到“难题”可用排除法。

例2. C 主旨归纳题。主题句是第一段第一句Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years， but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going （语言的产生或消失已有几千年了，但是在当代，产生的少，失去的更多），其中but后的内容是作者要说明的重点：失去的更多。接着讲随着社会的发展，许多语言都消失了。对比各选项，只有选C项正确，人类的发展导致语言的减少。

例3. C 标题选择题。主题句是第一段最后一句The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less，对比各选项，只有C项正确。

例4. D 标题选择题。本文的主题句是第一段最后一句和最后一段最后一句，对比各选项，只有选项D正确。

例5. A标题选择题。本文前两段只是提供背景，主题句是第三段第一句（前段说Jazz观众下降且老龄化，与年轻人脱节；第三段第一句说Jason在努力改变这种现状，如何改变？接下来的三段都是他的观点和尝试，即探索），对比各选项，只有选项A正确。顺便提提，本题用排除法较容易，因本文并没有讲爵士乐沉浮，特别是没有提到rise，可排除选项B；也不是讲述爵士乐音乐家的故事，可排除选项C；更不是具体介绍庆祝爵士乐节情况，可排除选项D，只有选项A正确。

责任编辑 蒋小青