张红 周振锋
[摘要] 目的 探討氨甲环酸对心脏手术围术期凝血功能及术后脑梗死的影响。 方法 选取2017年2月~2018年2月来我院进行择期体外循环心脏手术的100例患者为研究对象,根据治疗方式的不同分为观察组和对照组,其中观察组60例,对照组40例,观察组患者手术麻醉后给予氨甲环酸治疗,对照组给予氯化钠治疗,比较两组患者围手术期凝血功能相关指标以及手术后脑梗死的发生情况。 结果 两组患者治疗前、后凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time, PT)、部分凝血酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)、凝血酶时间(thrombin time,TT)以及纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,FIB)组间比较无显著差异(P>0.05);治疗前两组患者的D-二聚体含量无显著差异,治疗后,观察组的含量显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组的脑梗死发生率为3.33%,与对照组的2.50%相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。 结论 氨甲环酸不会导致明显的体外循环心脏手术患者凝血功能的异常,患者术后发生脑梗死的概率较低,值得临床推广应用。
[关键词] 氨甲环酸;心脏手术;凝血功能;脑梗死
[中图分类号] R654.2 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)23-0129-04
Effects of tranexamic acid on perioperative coagulation function and postoperative infarction in cardiac surgery
ZHANG Hong ZHOU Zhenfeng
Department of Anesthesiology,Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital,Hangzhou 310000,China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of tranexamic acid on perioperative coagulation function and postoperative cerebral infarction in cardiac surgery. Methods A total of 100 patients undergoing elective cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in our hospital from February 2017 to February 2018 were selected. According to different treatment methods they were divided into observation group(n=60) and control group(n=40). The patients in the observation group were given tranexamic acid after anesthesia and the control group was given sodium chloride. The perioperative blood coagulation related indexes and the incidence of cerebral infarction after surgery were compared between the two groups. Results There was no significant difference in prothrombin time(PT), activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT), thrombin time(TT) and fibrinogen (FIB) before and after treatment between the two groups(P>0.05). There was no significant difference in D-dimer content between the two groups before treatment. After treatment, the D-dimer content of the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of cerebral infarction in the observation group(3.33%) and the control group(2.50%)(P>0.05). Conclusion Tranexamic acid does not cause obvious abnormal coagulation in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. The probability of postoperative cerebral infarction is low, and tranexamic acid is worthy of clinical application.
[Key words] Tranexamic acid;Cardiac surgery;Coagulation function;Cerebral infarction
心脏体外循环手术(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)是指在心脏、大血管手术过程中,通过管道将体内的大血管与人工心肺机连接[1,2],在体外进行心肺转流,将静脉血引出,在体外氧合,然后输回动脉系统的过程[3,4],随着医疗水平的提高,虽然其安全性不断完善,但仍不可避免地会对患者血液循环系统造成损伤[5,6]。目前,国际上建议在心脏体外循环手术过程中给予抗纤维蛋白溶解药物,减少围手术期的失血量,其中氨甲环酸最常用的抗纤溶药物[7,8],但抗纤溶药物的使用可能会增加患者血栓形成的风险,故本研究主要探讨氨甲环酸对心脏手术围术期凝血功能及术后脑梗死的影响,旨在为氨甲环酸在临床的应用提供一定的理论依据,现报道如下。
1资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取2017年2月~2018年2月在我院进行择期体外循环心脏手术的100例患者为研究对象,根据治疗方式的不同分为观察组和对照组,其中观察组60例,对照组40例。其中观察组男38例,女22例;年龄18~64周岁,平均(48.3±5.7)周岁;平均体质量指数(average body mass index,ABMI)为15.8~24.1 kg/m2;左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF)為(45.8±5.2);左心室舒张末期直径(left ventricular diastolic end diameter,LVDED)为(63.3±7.4)mm;心功能Ⅱ~Ⅲ级;27例患者合并高血压,31例患者合并糖尿病。对照组男25例,女15例;年龄18~65周岁,平均(48.5±5.9)周岁;平均体质量指数(ABMI)为16.0~24.2 kg/m2;左心室射血分数(LVEF)为(46.1±5.5);左心室舒张末期直径为(63.1±7.7)mm;心功能Ⅱ~Ⅲ级;18例患者合并高血压,21例患者合并糖尿病。两组患者性别、年龄、体质指数、LVEF、LVDED、疾病程度、合并症等一般资料无显著差异(P>0.05),具有临床可比性。
1.2 纳入和排除标准
纳入标准:①所有入选患者均了解此项研究,并签署知情同意书;②年龄18~65周岁;③术前心胸比≤0.8;LVEF≥35%,LVDED≤80 mm;④择期行体外循环心脏手术。排除标准:①伴发其他严重疾病者;②氨甲环酸过敏者;③术前凝血功能已异常的患者;④妊娠或哺乳期妇女;⑤肝功能异常者;⑥术前24 h使用过肝素、术前7 d使用过非甾体类抗炎药物、术前14 d使用过雌激素、华法林或阿司匹林等药物者;⑦血栓栓塞史者。
1.3 方法
两组患者均给予常规监测心电图、中心静脉压(CVP)、血氧氧饱和度、CO2分压、体温、尿量、脑电双频指数(BIS)。术前45 min 给予0.1 mg/kg吗啡、0.3 mg东莨菪碱肌肉注射。进入手术室后,给予1.0 mg/kg利多卡因、0.1 mg/kg维库溴铵、1.0~1.5 μg/kg舒芬太尼、0.1 mg/kg咪达唑仑进行麻醉诱导,常给予气管插管。术中给予0.5 μg/kg右美托咪定持续泵入,并给予6.0 μg/kg舒芬太尼等药物静脉推注,维持麻醉效果。麻醉成功后,观察组给予氨甲环酸(贵州圣济堂有限公司生产,国药准字号:H20063068,规格为5 mL∶0.5 g/支)静脉滴注,剂量为15 mg/kg,10 min内滴完毕,然后以10 mg/(kg·h)的剂量维持至手术结束。对照组则在麻醉诱导完成后给予静脉滴注氯化钠,剂量和方法同观察组。两组患者在体外循环手术结束后均给予鱼精蛋白进行拮抗,根据患者活化凝血时间(activated clotting time,ACT)决定是否追加鱼精蛋白的用量,保证患者ACT达到基准线后,就可以通过体外循环机进行血液回输。
1.4 观察指标
观察并比较两组患者围手术期凝血功能相关指标:凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)含量、D-二聚体含量。分别于术前24 h和术后24 h由桡动脉抽血,测定各组患者PT、APTT、TT、FIB、D-二聚体含量[8]。手术后脑梗死的评价指标:术后脑部因缺血而新发持续24 h以上的神经系统症状,且经过CT或MRI确诊。
1.5 统计学处理
采用SPSS19.0统计学软件进行分析,计数资料用(%)表示,采用χ2检验;计量资料用(x±s)表示,采用t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组患者凝血功能情况
两组患者治疗前、后凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分凝血酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)以及纤维蛋白原(FIB)组间比较无显著差异(P>0.05);治疗前两组患者的D-二聚体含量无显著差异,治疗后,观察组的含量显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2 两组患者脑梗死发生情况
观察组的脑梗死发生率为3.33%,与对照组的2.50%相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。见表2。
3讨论
心脏体外循环手术(CPB)时会严重影响患者机体内的生理环境[9,10],导致凝血、纤溶系统异常激活,炎症、肾损伤等一系列不良反应[11,12]。进行体外循环时,会导致患者体内血小板、凝血因子及红细胞等稀释,且会破坏血液内有效成分。血液与人工心肺机的直接非生理性接触,从而诱导纤溶系统的激活,减少凝血因子、纤维蛋白原、纤溶酶原的含量及血小板的功能障碍,改变血液成分和血液系统的生理平衡,激活凝血因子、补体系统、激肽系统导致患者凝血功能发生障碍[13],围手术期易出现出血[14,15];同时增加血液内炎性介质的含量,出现系统性炎症反应,产生多种炎症介质和细胞因子,如白细胞介素、集落刺激因子、脂多糖、粘附分子等,相互作用并影响,进一步激活补体、纤溶、凝血、激肽系统,产生相互作用的“级联效应”,引起细胞以及组织器官的严重损害。因此,临床上如何解决心脏体外循环手术导致的一系列血液问题一直是广大医护人员关注的焦点。
手术中大出血的主要原因之一是患者纤溶系统的亢进,临床上多通过抗纤溶药物的应用来减少患者围术期的出血[10,16]。目前临床常用的抗纤溶药物主要包括赖氨酸类似物、氨基己酸、抑肽酶以及氨甲环酸[17,18]。但抗纤溶药物的应用是一把双刃剑,活性作用较强时,毒副反应也较明显[19]。前期研究结果发现,抑肽酶减少手术出血的效果最好,但患者易形成血栓。相比于抑肽酶而言,氨基己酸减少患者围手术期出血的作用略差,但不易导致血栓形成[20,21]。因此临床在抗纤溶药物选择时,需评估患者的病情[22],根据患者的个体差异,做出最佳选择。其中,氨甲环酸属于人工合成的抗纤溶蛋白衍生物,通过和纤溶酶、纤溶酶原上的赖氨酸结合位点发生结合,而抑制纤溶酶原活化为纤溶酶,降低纤溶酶降解纤维蛋白的能力,进而发挥抗纤溶的作用。目前常用的的抗纤溶药物中,氨甲环酸止血效果好、价格经济、不良反应轻微。因此,临床上,心脏麻醉协会以及心脏外科已经将推荐为血液保护的药物之一。
本研究中,选取来我院进行择期体外循环心脏手术的100例患者为研究对象,根据治疗方式的不同,分为观察组和对照组,其中观察组60例,对照组40例,观察组患者手术麻醉后给予氨甲环酸治疗,对照组給予氯化钠治疗,结果显示:两组患者治疗前、后凝血酶原时间、部分凝血酶时间、凝血酶时间以及纤维蛋白组间比较无显著差异(P>0.05);治疗前两组患者的D-二聚体含量无显著差异,治疗后,观察组的含量显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组的脑梗死发生率为3.33%,与对照组的2.50%相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。
综上所述,氨甲环酸不会导致显著带的体外循环心脏手术患者凝血功能的异常,且患者术后发生脑梗死的概率较低,故临床可根据患者状态酌情给予氨甲环酸进行预防出血。
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(收稿日期:2018-04-14)