徐洁
[摘 要]高考英语阅读理解题常设置无中生有、偷梁换柱、瞒天过海、指鹿为马、反客为主等陷阱,考生需要认清这些陷阱,摒除干扰,找到正确选项,从而快速提高阅读理解题的解题能力,突破高分瓶颈。
[关键词]阅读理解;设题;陷阱;解题;瓶颈
[中图分类号] G633.41 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-6058(2018)28-0041-02
近几年来,江苏高考卷的英语阅读理解题选材丰富,文章原汁原味,充分考虑了考生的认知水平,确保了所选语篇的可读性。同时,阅读理解是江苏高考英语卷上所占比重最大的题型,考生对其尤为重视,通常会有意识强化阅读理解的训练。江苏考生的英语阅读能力明显逐年提升。但新的问题随之而来,有相当一部分语言能力较强的考生表示文章能看懂,題目不易做;拿高分,有瓶颈。究其原因,这部分考生只关注了文章本身,而忽视了对高考设题的研究,尤其是对易失分干扰项的研究。了解干扰项的设题特点和规律,将有效帮助考生更有方向地摒除干扰,找到正确选项,从而快速提高阅读理解题的解题能力,突破高分瓶颈。
下面笔者就以江苏省近几年的高考英语阅读理解试题为例,梳理分析阅读理解设题时常用的“三十六计”。考生应避免落入这些陷阱中。
一、无中生有(Create something out of nothing)
“无中生有”的陷阱是指凭空在选项中增加信息,而该信息在原文中是找不到对应的依据的。所增加的信息往往是考生的生活常识或惯性思维的推论,因此具有一定的迷惑性。
【实例分析】2017年江苏高考阅读理解C篇(节选)(黑体字选项为正确答案,下同)
Google initially used the data collected from users to target advertising better. But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services: translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies...
62.What does the technological innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate?
A. Data giants technology is very expensive.
B. Googles idea is popular among data firms.
C. Data can strengthen giants controlling position.
D. Data can be turned into new services or products.
此题选项D所提的“products”在原文中找不到任何相关信息,但原文中的“to be sold”一词会让考生自然联想到商品买卖,主观增加了“产品”这一概念,所以容易误选D。
解答此类题目,考生一定不要加入自己的主观想法,而应实事求是地根据作者表达的意思进行判断。
二、偷梁换柱(Replace a concept with another)
“偷梁换柱”的陷阱在解题中主要体现为偷换概念。这里既考查考生表层的语言能力,又考查考生深层的语言思维能力。干扰项故意将不同概念混淆起来,或将关键词替换掉。
【实例分析】2017届苏州市高三调研测试阅读理解A篇(节选)
2. Complete the application for a tourist visa, Form DS-160.
This is an online form available through the US Department of State.
3. Print the DS-160 confirmation page.
After successfully completing the application, the applicant will receive a confirmation with a 10-digit barcode. Take a printout of this page. This page is required to schedule a visa interview.
57.What are applicants required to do when applying for B-2 visa?
A. Complete the visa fingerprinting after the interview.
B. Pay the application fee only through bank transfer electronically.
C. Print out Form DS-160.
D. Attend a personal visa interview.
此题选项C为干扰项,很多学生误选C。Form DS-160在第2点中提到过,到了第3点里,虽然也有DS-160字眼,但概念有转变,需要打印的是DS-160确认页,而非DS-160表格。选项C偷换了概念。
解答此类题目,考生阅读时大脑应积极处理信息,对原文提供的概念要理解透彻,不能有含糊,不然很难识别出题目中所偷换的概念。
三、瞒天过海(Play a trick in disguise)
“瞒天过海”的陷阱很隐蔽,通常保留原文中绝大部分词句,通过改换句子语序、结构等不易察觉的方式,混淆视听,表达出与原文不一样的意思。考生往往为了赶时间,快速扫阅过去,误认为是原文的表达。
【实例分析】2017年江苏高考阅读理解D篇(节选)
Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries, schools, and health clinics, and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connectivity to replace flooded roads and highways...
66. What is special with regard to Rezwans project?
A. The project receives government support.
B. Different organizations work with each other.
C. His organization makes the best of a bad situation.
D. The project connects flooded roads and highways.
此题选项D的设置意在混淆视听。原文表达的意思是Rezwan建立了水上交通,从而代替了受淹的道路。选项D直接跳过“replace”一词,意思就变成了这个项目连接了受淹的道路,与原文意思大相径庭。
解答此类题目,考生一定要顶得住时间的压力,练就火眼金睛,不要因为担心答题时间不够而囫囵吞枣般草草阅读,不然对这样的选项是很容易误选的。
四、反客为主(Shift the main focus)
“反客为主”的陷阱往往会成就一道失分率最高的题目,通常会考查一个案例要表达的意思。就选项本身而言,“反客为主”的选项很可能是正确的,但往往只从单个案例去谈,而忽视了案例本身要服务的中心思想。因此“反客为主”的选项也不是正确选项。
【实例分析】2017届苏州市高三调研测试阅读理解B篇(节选)
Follow your passion in college. Take courses you think you will enjoy. Dont be trapped in what others think or say. Steve Jobs says when you are in college, your passion will create many dots, and later in your life you will connect them...
60.By mentioning Steve Jobs, the author intends to tell us that____________
A.your dream of connecting dots to form a beautiful curve will be realized.
B.following our own heart in college may guarantee opportunities of success.
C.Steve Jobs is a typical example to illustrate that freedom and enjoyment count.
D.Steve Jobs owes his success to his critical thinking.
眾多考生会选择C或D选项。C、D两个选项的问题就在于, Steve Jobs所说的话在该段中起的是论据的作用,它服务于本段落的中心论点,即第一句话:在大学阶段要追随自己的激情。作者要表达的“主”是本段中心论点,Steve Jobs这一案例只是“客”,“客”为“主”服务,而不能就“客”谈“客”。
解答此类题目,考生务必要强化文章结构的概念,明晰论点、论据的关系,不要让具体的案例喧宾夺主,应时刻心中有中心思想。
五、指鹿为马(Call white black)
“指鹿为马”的陷阱颠倒是非黑白,选项的意思与原文的内容完全相反。一般只要文章能读懂,这类干扰项还是能较为容易辨认出来的。
【实例分析】2016年江苏高考阅读理解A篇(节选)
These on-line courses
are taught by TDSB Secondary school teachers;
are part of the TDSB Students timetable; and
appear on the Students report upon completion.
56.E-learning courses are different from other TDSB courses in that ________.
A.they are given by best TDSB teachers
B.they are not on the day school timetable
C.they are not included on students reports
D.they are an addition to TDSB courses
此题选项C的意思显然与原文相反。原文指出这些网络课程将体现在学生的学业报告手册中,而C选项颠倒事实,指鹿为马,说这些网络课程不包括在学生成绩报告中。
解答此类题目,考生首先要做到能读懂原文、读懂选项,加上一定的细心,一般不该失分。
六、断章取义(Take the words too literally)
“断章取义”的陷阱让考生很容易失分,很大的原因在于,文章中出现的词或表达在选项中出现,考生会误认为两者在意思表达上是一致的。然而往往因为一词多义的缘故,同样的表达在原文中是一个意思,在选项中则是另一个意思。另外,同样一个词,在原文中可以有引申、比喻等修辞意义,而在选项中只有字面意思,很多考生会犯“断章取义”的错误而导致失分。
【实例分析】2015年江苏高考阅读理解A篇(节选)
Take care with fires
Always observe district fire bans. Be careful if you smoke or have an outdoor fire or barbecue—make sure ashes are cold before leaving.
56.According to the Code, visitors should act .
A.with care and respect
B. with relief and pleasure
C. with caution and calmness
D. with attention and observation
此題当年很多考生误选D。他们的推论理由很简单,原文出现“observe”这个单词,所以他们主观认为选项中把动词observe改为observation应该没有问题。殊不知,observe在词典中有“观察”“遵守”“评论”等多种词义,原文中指“遵守”之意,而选项中是“观察”之意。
解答此类题目,考生平时应夯实词汇基础,了解一词多义,并能灵活根据上下文推断出文中的语用意思,而不是机械地认为一个英文单词只对应一个中文意思。
综上所述,高考阅读理解所谓的干扰项有一定的规律可循,考生训练时需要对所做的题目进行反思总结,摸索出选项设置特点。但更重要的是,要把自身的语言功底练好。干扰项再千变万化,也只不过是以和原文相近的面貌来迷惑考生。考生只有拥有扎实的语言功底,才能真正回归原文,突破重重迷障,根据语境准确抓住作者所要表达的意思。
(责任编辑 周侯辰)