刘学员 喻智 熊义博
[摘要] 目的 了解住院老年人骨質疏松与器官异位钙化的相关性。 方法 选取2013年3月~2016年9月在解放军第一八一医院住院的322例老年患者。记录性别、年龄、体重指数、骨密度取股骨或腰椎两个部位的低值,其中,骨量正常组88例,骨量减少组96例,骨质疏松组138例。采用美国生产的DPX-NT双能X骨密度仪,测量部位为L2~L4、双侧股骨颈、粗隆及Wards三角区,用CT或X线片或彩超检查头颅、脊柱、膝关节、肺部、双侧颈动脉、腹主动脉、下肢动脉、肝、胆、肾等。按低龄老年人、高龄老年人及全部老年人、男性、女性的骨密度与上述器官有无钙化进行偏相关分析。 结果 骨量正常组、骨量减少组、骨质疏松组三组比较:腹主动脉钙化、腰椎压缩性骨折、膝关节退行性变成增生差异有高度统计学意义(P < 0.01)。两两比较显示,腹主动脉钙化、膝关节退变或增生,骨质疏松组比骨量减少组及骨量正常组严重(P < 0.05);腰椎压缩性骨折,骨量减少组和骨质疏松组较骨量正常组多发,差异有高度统计学意义(P < 0.01)。各组胆道结石比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。按年龄进行偏相关分析:各组患者的骨密度与腰椎骨折相关,全部病例组及高龄老年人组的骨密度与腹主动脉钙化、膝关节退行性变或增生及胆道结石相关(P < 0.05)。颈动脉、腹主动脉、下肢动脉钙化,与年轻老年人比较,高龄老年人组均较明显(P < 0.01),脊柱退行性变和骨质增生、膝关节退行性变和骨质增生高龄老年人组多见(P < 0.05),泌尿系结石、胆道结石也以高龄老年人组多发,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。按性别进行偏相关分析:男性骨密度均与腹主动脉钙化、膝关节退行性变或增生、胆道结石相关(P < 0.05)。女性骨密度与肾脏钙化和胆道结石相关(P < 0.05)。 结论 骨密度与腹主动脉钙化、腰椎压缩性骨折、肾脏钙化、膝关节退行性变或增生及胆道结石相关。
[关键词] 骨质疏松;异位钙化;骨密度;偏相关分析;老年人
[中图分类号] R683.2 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2018)07(b)-0100-05
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the relationship between osteoporosis and ectopic calcification in elderly inpatients. Methods Three hundred and twenty-two cases of elderly patients hospitalized in the 181st Hospital of PLA from March 2013 to September 2016 were selected. Gender, age and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in two sites of femur and lumbar spine. There were 88 patients of normal bone mass, 96 cases of osteopenia, 138 cases of osteoporosis. Bone mineral density of site L2-L4, bilateral femoral neck, trochanter and Wards triangle were measured by the DPX–NT dual-energy X-ray bone mineral density produced in America. Head, spine, knee joint, the lungs, bilateral carotid arteries, abdominal aorta, lower limb artery, liver, gallbladder, kidney were checked with CT, X-rays or color ultrasonic. BMD and calcification of the above organs were analyzed by partial correlation among the elderly, male and female groups. Results Compared in normal bone, osteopenia and osteoporosis groups: the differences of abdominal aortic calcification, lumbar compression fracture, knee joint degeneration or proliferation were statistically significant (P < 0.01). Compared with each other: the differences of abdominal aortic calcification, knee joint degeneration or proliferation were significantly severer in osteoporosis group than those in bone mass reduction group and bone normal group (P < 0.05); the lumbar compression fracture in bone mass reduction group or osteoporosis group was more common than that of normal group, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01). There was no difference in gallstone among all groups (P > 0.05). Partial correlation analysis according to ages: BMD was associated with lumbar fracture in all groups. BMD in all patients and elderly group were associated with abdominal aortic calcification, knee joint degeneration or hyperplasia and gallstone (P < 0.05). Calcification in carotid artery, abdominal aorta, lower extremity arterial, compared with the younger age group, the older age group were more obvious and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01); spinal degenerative changes and bone hyperplasia, knee joint degeneration, bone hyperplasia, urinary stone and gallstone were prevalent in older elderly group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Partial correlation analysis with gender: BMD was associated with abdominal aortic calcification, knee joint degeneration or hyperplasia and bile gallstone in male (P < 0.05). BMD was associated with kidney calcification, gallstone in female (P < 0.05). Conclusion BMD is associated with abdominal aortic calcification, lumbar compression fracture, renal calcification, knee joint degeneration, hyperplasia and gallstone.
[Key words] Osteoporosis; Ectopiccalcification; Bone mineral density; Partial correlation; Elderly
有研究发现,心脏瓣膜钙化与衰老有关,钙调激素引起钙迁徙形成靶器官钙盐沉着症,钙化是与衰老伴行的器官退行性变的标志,因而提出了“异位钙化”的概念[1-2]。国内外此后研究骨质疏松与心脏瓣膜钙化、动脉钙化等单一器官的文献很多[3-4],但骨质疏松与多系统器官钙化的同时研究较少。本研究探讨骨质疏松与人体主要器官的钙化或退行性变的关系,以期为衰老的防治提供参考。
1 对象与方法
1.1 对象
选取2013年3月~2016年9月在解放军第一八一医院(以下简称“我院”)住院的患者322例,年龄60~97岁,平均(79.817±9.641)岁,其中,男218例,女104例;60~<80岁120例为年轻老年人组,≥80岁202例为高龄老年人组。排除近期生命体征不稳定的危重病患者及肾病、肝病、甲亢、卵巢切除、睾丸切除等其他慢性疾病及影响骨代谢药物的患者。所有患者均在入院1周内由经治医师对相关脑、肺、肝、胆、肾、脊柱、膝关节及其他需要检查的部位进行放射线或彩色超声检查。
1.2 方法
记录一般情况,如性别、年龄、身高、体重等,其中,男性记1分,女性记2分;体重指数(BMI)(kg/m2)=体重/身高的平方。
入院1周内由经治医师对头颅、脊柱、膝关节、肺部、腹主动脉等进行X线(美国GE公司Definium_ 6000型)、CT(美国通用电气公司宝石能谱DiscoversyCT-750HD)造影检查,使用彩色多普勒(飞利浦IU22,高频探头7.5~12 MHz),由我院彩超室指派专人对患者先后探查双侧颈动脉、下肢动脉、肝、胆、肾及其他需要检查的部位进行放射线或彩色超声检查,有钙化灶记1分,无钙化灶记0分。
骨密度取股骨或腰椎两个部位的低值,采用美国生产的DPX-NT双能X线骨密度仪,测量部位为L2~L4、双侧股骨颈、粗隆及Wards三角区,单位为g/cm2。T-Score(T值)是受检者骨密度值与同一性别、同种族健康成人的平均值(即骨峰值)和标准差进行比较所得。诊断标准:T值≥-1.0为骨量正常,-2.5 1.3 统计学方法 运用SPSS 13.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料数据用中位数(M)、四分位数(P25,P75)描述,非参数分析采用Kruskal-Wallis检验,两两比较用Mann-Whitney U检验;相关性采用偏相关分析,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。 2 结果 2.1 一般情况 322例老年患者,T-score为(-1.948±1.603),其中,骨量正常组88例,骨量减少组96例,骨质疏松组138例。 2.2 骨量正常、骨量减少及骨质疏松老年人患器官钙化或结石情况比较 三组比较,腹主动脉钙化、腰椎压缩性骨折、膝关节退行性变或增生差异有高度统计学意义(P < 0.01)。两两比较,腹主动脉钙化、膝关节退行性变或增生,骨质疏松组比骨量减少组及骨量正常组严重(P < 0.05);腰椎压缩性骨折,骨量减少组和骨质疏松组均比骨量正常组多发(P < 0.01)。各组胆道结石比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表1~2。 2.3 按年龄进行偏相关分析 将患者分为全部老年人组、年轻老年人组和高龄老年人组。将性别、年龄及BMI作为控制变量,三组的骨密度均与腰椎骨折相关,全部病例及高龄老年人的骨密度与腹主动脉钙化、膝关节退行性变或增生及胆道结石相关(P < 0.05)。见表3。 2.4 不同年龄老年人器官钙化或结石情况比较 颈动脉、腹主动脉、下肢动脉钙化,高龄老年人组均较明显(P < 0.01),肺部鈣化在高龄老年人组较多(P < 0.01),脊柱退行性变和骨质增生、膝关节退行性变和骨质增生高龄老年人组多见(P < 0.05),泌尿系结石、胆道结石也以高龄老年人组多发(P < 0.05)。见表4。 2.5 按性别进行骨密度与器官钙化或结石的偏相关分析 把年龄和BMI作为控制变量,男性骨密度与腹主动脉钙化、腰椎骨折、膝关节退行性变或增生、胆道结石相关(P < 0.05),女性骨密度只与肾脏钙化和胆道结石相关(P < 0.05)。见表5。 2.6 男性与女性老年人器官钙化或结石情况比较 颈动脉及下肢动脉钙化女性较男性严重(P < 0.01),腰椎骨折、膝关节退行性变或增生、胆道结石女性发病率均高(P < 0.05)。见表6。 3 讨论 骨质疏松和器官钙化,过去认为是一个增龄性退行性疾病。有研究提出“异位钙化”的概念,认为除骨和牙齿外的其他器官或部位的表现为钙化的退行性变,都是衰老的表现[1-2]。骨质疏松与性别、年龄、体重指数等有关[5-6],因此本研究按年龄分组进行的偏相关分析,把上述性别、年龄、BMI作为控制变量,按性别分组进行偏相关分析则把年龄、BMI作为控制变量,避免性别、年龄、BMI对骨密度与器官钙化相关性分析的干扰。 血管钙化:腹主动脉钙化在骨质疏松组较骨量正常组及骨量减少组明显。骨密度与腹主动脉钙化相关[7-8],主要是高龄男性,而颈动脉钙化与下肢动脉钙化在高龄女性老年人严重。但骨密度与颈动脉钙化及下肢动脉钙化不相关,这与部分研究报道不同[3,9]。骨质疏松和动脉钙化是体内钙平衡遭到破坏,钙在体液因子的作用下,大量从骨释放,沉积在血管或心瓣膜处,钙离子在血管壁的过剩引起内皮细胞损伤,在炎症因子、转化生长因子β等的诱导下,血管平滑肌细胞、成纤维细胞、内皮细胞等转变成有合成和分泌功能的成骨细胞样表型,继而在细胞外基质或胞质中形成钙结节[10]。
肺部钙化:高龄老年人肺部钙化较年轻老年人多见,但无论年龄、性别,骨密度与肺部钙化均不相关。关于肺部钙化与骨密度的相关资料少见,有文献报道,在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中,冠状动脉钙化与胸主动脉钙化与胸椎骨密度降低相关[11]。
腰椎压缩性骨折:骨量减少及骨质疏松患者腰椎骨折较骨量正常组发病率高。各年龄组的腰椎压缩性骨折均与骨密度相关,按性别进行偏相关分析,男性骨密度与腰椎压缩性骨折相关,而女性不相关。但女性腰椎压缩性骨折较男性多见[12],有无其他原因对女性腰椎骨折造成影响,还需要进一步研究。Karlsson等[13]也认为,老年男性流行性椎体骨折的典型特征与显著的低骨密度有关。
膝关节退行性变或增生:骨质疏松组较骨量正常组或骨量减少组,膝关节退行性变或增生发病率均高,老年人膝关节退行性变或增生与骨密度相关,尤其是高龄男性老年人。现代医学多认为骨质疏松与骨质增生是不同的两种疾病,有不同的发病机制,但两者有共同的发病基础,就是由于钙缺乏所致。50岁以上的老年人,血中甲状旁腺激素增加,造成破骨活跃,骨钙丢失,骨质疏松加剧。另一方面血钙增加,致降钙素增加,则加速新骨形成,这是骨钙丢失的代偿作用,使钙在骨端不均匀沉积,形成骨质增生,所以在临床上可以观察到,骨质疏松和骨质增生往往同时存在,本研究也证实了这一现象。Horikawa等[14]认为,软骨下骨塌陷引起的骨质疏松,但无骨坏死,引发患膝骨关节炎的变化。笔者推测,膝关节退行性变,关节疼痛导致运动明显减少,可能会对骨密度有影响。
肾脏钙化与泌尿系结石:女性肾脏钙化较男性严重。肾脏钙化可能是因为肾血管内皮钙化所致,也与骨密度降低有关[15-16]。本研究泌尿系结石与骨密度不相关,与Sakhaee等[17]研究结果相似,但高龄老年人泌尿系结石较年轻老年人多发。有文献认为,泌尿系结石与骨质疏松有关系,钙摄入不足及尿液过饱和,可增加草酸钙结石形成的风险[16]。Shavit等[18]认为含钙肾结石与腹主动脉钙化及骨质疏松可能相关,膳食钙摄入不足(600 mg/d)可增加草酸的肠吸收和草酸钙结石形成的风险[16],与本研究的结果不同。
胆道结石:老年人,特别是高龄老年人胆道结石与骨密度相关,按男女分析,男性、女性的胆道结石均与骨密度相关,女性胆道结石发病率更高,与Klahan等[19]报道的相同。Wang等[20]报道,雌激素增加胆固醇胆结石的风险,增加胆汁胆固醇的肝脏分泌,这反过来又导致胆汁胆固醇饱和增加,增加胆固醇结石的风险。但本研究结果显示,男性胆道结石也与骨密度相关,显然不能用雌激素增加解释,还需要进一步研究。
综上所述,老年人骨密度与腹主动脉钙化、腰椎压缩性骨折、肾脏钙化、膝关节退行性变及胆结石相关。
[参考文献]
[1] Fujita T. Calcium and aging [J]. Calcif Tissue Int,1985, 37(1):1-2.
[2] Shiraki M. Evidence of hypovitaminosis D in patients with mitral ring calcification [J]. Jpn Heart J,1988,29(6):801-808.
[3] Iwamoto Y,Uchida K,Uchida K,et al. Osteoporosis,osteoporotic fractures,and carotid artery calcification detected on panoramic radiographs in Japanese men and women [J]. Oral Surgery,Oral Medicine,Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology,2016,121(6):673-680.
[4] Ye C,Xu M,Wang S,et al. Decreased Bone Mineral Density Is an Independent Predictor for the Development of Atherosclerosis:A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [J]. PLoS One,2016,11(5):e0154740.
[5] 劉学员,邓泽熙,林仁生,等.激素对糖尿病及无糖尿病老年患者骨质疏松的影响[J].中华临床医师杂志:电子版,2016,10(23):3516-3520.
[6] 赵蕾,刘学员、陈日超,等.住院患者多种慢性疾病与骨质疏松的偏相关分析[J].中国医药导报,2017,14(28):53-56.
[7] Grant M,Turner ME,Murray-Guenther J,et al. A novel quantitative approach to the measurement of abdominal aortic calcification as applied to the Canadian Multicenter Osteoporosis Study(CaMOS)[J]. Bone,2017,97:201-208.
[8] Rodríguez AJ,Scott D,Hodge A,et al. Associations between hip bone mineral density,aortic calcification and cardiac workload in community-dwelling older Australians [J]. Osteoporos Int,2017,28(7):2239-2245.
[9] Lampropoulos CE,Kalamara P,Konsta M,et al. Osteoporosis and vascular calcification in postmenopausal women:a cross-sectional study [J]. Climacteric,2016,19(3):1-5.
[10] 窦清惠,吴卫东,刘俊明.血管钙化与骨质疏松发病的共同危险因素[J].中国骨质疏松杂志,2011,17(11):1004-1009.
[11] Romme EA,McAllister DA,Murchison JT,et al. Associations between COPD related manifestations:a cross-sectional study [J]. Respir Res,2013,14(1):1-7.
[12] Sabo A,Hatgis J,Granville M,et al. Multilevel Contiguous Osteoporotic Lumbar Compression Fractures:The Relationship of Scoliosis to the Development of Cascading Fractures [J]. Cureus,2017,9(12):e1962.
[13] Karlsson MK,Kherad M,Hasserius R,et al. Characteristics of Prevalent Vertebral Fractures Predict New Fractures in Elderly Men [J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am,2016,98(5):379-385.
[14] Horikawa A,Miyakoshi N,Shimada Y,et al. The Relationship between Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis of the Knee:A Report of 2 Cases with Suspected Osteonecrosis [J]. Case Rep Orthop,2014,2014:514058.
[15] Shigematsu T,Sonou T,Ohya M,et al. Preventive Strategies for Vascular Calcification in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease [J]. Contrib Nephrol,2017,189:169-177.
[16] Gambaro G,Trinchieri A. Recent advances in managing and understanding nephrolithiasis/nephrocalcinosis [J]. F1000Res,2016:5.
[17] Sakhaee K,Maalouf NM,Poindexter J,et al. Relationship between Urinary Calcium and Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Calcium Nephrolithiasis [J]. J Urol,2017, 197(6):1472-1477.
[18] Shavit L,Girfoglio D,Vijay V,et al. Vascular calcification and bone mineral density in recurrent kidney stone formers [J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2015,10(2):278-285.
[19] Klahan S,Kuo CN,Chien SC,et al. Osteoporosis increases subsequent risk of gallstone:a nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan [J]. BMC Gastroenterol,2014,14(1):192.
[20] Wang HH,Liu M,Clegg DJ,et al. New insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying effects of estrogen on cholesterol gallstone formation [J]. Biochim Biophys Acta,2009,1791(11):1037-1047.
(收稿日期:2018-03-06 本文編辑:程 铭)