吴挺丰 黎洁瑶 王思仪 许稷豪 陈其奎 于涛
【摘要】目的探討表现为胃肠道症状(GIS)的脊柱结核患者的发病部位及临床表现。方法选取住院就诊的脊柱结核患者。根据是否表现为GIS,将患者分为GIS组和非GIS(NGIS)组。比较2组患者脊柱感染节段分布和并发症发生率。结果共纳入36例GIS组患者和162例NGIS组患者。GIS组患者脊柱病变椎体节段主要在胸7~11,占病变椎体节段总数的598%(64/107),而NGIS组患者病变椎体节段主要在胸12~腰5,占总数的573%(231/403),2组脊柱病变节段分布差异有统计学意义(P<0001)。GIS组和NGIS组分别有10例(278%)和13例(80%)患者出现神经根压迫,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P=0001);GIS组有23例患者(639%)出现椎旁、腰大肌冷脓肿,高于NGIS组(469%,P=0032)。椎管内脓肿发生率在2组间比较差异无统计学意义(83% vs 37%, P=0445)。结论表现为GIS的脊柱结核患者,其脊柱病变节段主要位于低位胸段,且有更高的脊柱神经根压迫、椎旁和腰大肌冷脓肿并发症发生率。
【关键词】脊柱结核;胃肠道症状;病变椎体;并发症
Retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics of spinal tuberculosis patients presenting with gastrointestinal symptomsWu Tingfeng, Li Jieyao, Wang Siyi, Xu Jihao, Chen Qikui, Yu Tao Department of Gastroenterology, Sun YatSen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
Corresponding author, Li Jieyao, Email: 173745022@qqcom
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the onset site and clinical symptoms of spinal tuberculosis patients presenting with gastrointestinal symptom(GIS) MethodsPatients with spinal tuberculosis who were hospitalized at Sun Yatsen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yatsen University from January 2003 to December 2016 were selected Based upon the incidence of GIS, all patients were divided into the GIS and nonGIS (NGIS) groups The distribution of infected spinal segments and the incidence of complications were statistically compared between two groups ResultsIn this study, 36 patients were assigned into the GIS group and 162 into the NGIS group In the GIS group, the affected spinal segments were predominantly located from thoracic (T) 7 to 11, accounting for 598% (64/107), and 573% (231/403) from T12 to lumber (L) 5 in the NGIS group The distribution of the infected segments significantly differed between two groups (P<0001) In the GIS group, the incidence rate of spinal cord compression was 278% (10/36), significantly higher compared with 80% (13/162) in the NGIS group (P=0001) In the GIS group, 639% patients (23/36) presented with paravertebral or psoas abscess, considerably higher than 469% (76/162) in the NGIS group (P=0032) The incidence of intraspinal abscess did not significantly differ between the GIS and NGIS groups (83% vs 37%, P=0445) ConclusionsFor spinal tuberculosis patients presenting with GIS, the lower thoracic segments are primarily affected Moreover, the incidence of spinal cord compression, paravertebral and psoas abscess is significantly higher compared with their counterparts without GIS
【Key words】Spinal tuberculosis; Gastrointestinal symptom; Affected vertebrae; Complication
脊柱结核是由于结核杆菌感染所引起的脊柱及其周围组织的炎症,也被称为Potts disease,是一种常见的肺外结核疾病,其发病例数约占骨结核病的50%[1]。肺外结核疾病患者,尤其是脊柱结核的患者,当无合并肺结核感染时,因对感染部位定位存在困难,不能有效地检出患病的人群,所以往往得不到重视[2]。另一方面,脊柱结核患者通常并不表现出明显症状或体征,直到疾病发展到晚期,患者才会开始出现不适,最常见的症状是腰痛[3]。但有时脊柱结核患者主诉的症状并不典型,有的患者会表现为胃肠道症状(GIS)如上腹痛、腹胀、胸骨后不适感等,求医就诊,这使得诊断的难度提高,患者也因此接受不必要的检查、无效的治疗,以及支付额外的诊疗费用[47]。到目前为止,一些研究报道了相关的案例,认为GIS与脊柱结核有关,是结核感染相应脊柱部位引起的神经牵涉痛所导致[810]。
脊柱结核所造成的脊柱炎和周围组织的冷脓肿有引起严重神经损伤性并发症,甚至出现截瘫的风险[11]。因此,脊柱结核的早期诊断十分重要,其不仅可以让患者提前接受治疗,提高诊疗效率,同时还可以降低严重并发症的发生率[12]。早期有效的治疗可减少患者因疾病而带来的各种不适,提高患者生活质量,并改善预后,减少脊柱损伤引起的畸形、瘫痪等后遗症。抗结核药物治疗是治疗脊柱结核的基础,但对于有椎体结构破坏和严重的神经压迫症状的患者,即需要进行手术治疗[1314]。有报道指出,对表现症状为GIS的脊柱结核,仍缺乏病理生理学及症状学的进一步研究[15]。本研究旨在探讨表现为GIS的脊柱结核患者的發病部位及临床表现,藉此引起临床工作者对不典型的脊柱结核病例诊断及鉴别诊断的重视。
对象与方法
一、研究对象
选取2003年1月至2016年12月在中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院住院就诊的脊柱结核患者。纳入标准:接受影像学检查(CT、MRI)符合影像学结核的表现,或有感染部位的病理活检(脊柱细针穿刺活检或手术中组织活检)证据支持,确诊为脊柱结核的患者。排除标准:合并有脊柱其他非结核病原体感染的患者;存在脊柱肿瘤、脊柱外伤性骨折、脊柱原发性畸形的患者;合并有引起症状的脊柱退行性病变的患者;合并肺部、心脏等相关疾病可能引起类似GIS的患者。本研究得到我院医学伦理委员会许可。
二、方法
1 分组
根据脊柱结核引起的症状的不同,将研究对象分成GIS组和非GIS(NGIS)组。对满足以下条件的纳入GIS组:经腹部超声、腹部影像学相关检查(X线片、CT、MRI)、胃镜、结肠镜检查排除胃肠道器质性病变;出现GIS 1周内未使用可引起症状的药物、食物;排除器质性胃肠疾病、药物、食物引起的GIS,按照功能性胃肠疾病规律治疗后,GIS无明显缓解的患者。其余患者纳入NGIS组。
2数据收集
通过查阅研究对象病案资料,获取研究对象的年龄、性别。同时根据影像学诊断及手术报告确定患者脊柱病变椎体,并确认有无并发神经根受压、椎旁及腰大肌冷脓肿。
三、统计学处理
采用SPSS 190进行统计分析。计量资料以±s表示,组间比较使用独立样本t检验。分类变量用率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。P<005表示差异有统计学意义。
结果
一、GIS组和NGIS组脊柱结核患者一般情况比较
本次研究共纳入198例脊柱结核患者,其中男97例、女101例。患者年龄3~86岁、平均年龄为(447±191)岁。GIS组36例,男21例、女15例,年龄3~85岁、平均年龄为(438±201)岁。NGIS组162例,男86例、女76例,年龄4~86岁、平均年龄为(449±190)岁。GIS组和NGIS组年龄和性别构成比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>005),见表1。表1GIS组和NGIS组脊柱结核患者一般情况比较组别例数年龄(岁)性别(例)男女GIS组36447±1912115NGIS组162449±1908676t/χ2值00891537P值07650215二、GIS组和NGIS组脊柱结核患者病变椎体的分布
GIS组36例患者共107个脊柱病变椎体,NGIS组162例患者共403个病变椎体(一例患者可有多个病变椎体)。其中GIS组患者的脊柱病变节段主要在胸7(84%)、胸8(150%)、胸9(131%)、胸10(122%)、胸11(112%),共占总数的598%(64/107);NGIS组脊柱病变节段主要在胸12(82%)、腰1~5(491%),占总数的573%(231/403);2组患者脊柱病变节段分布差异比较有统计学意义(χ2=75395,P<0001),见图1。
讨论
脊柱结核是一种常见的骨结核疾病,患者多表现出腰痛的症状,但有相当一部分症状不典型的患者,可以GIS为主诉就诊。本研究中,以GIS为主要症状的患者在总的脊柱结核患者中占有一定的比例,值得引起重视。
从表1中可见,GIS组与NGIS组的患者之间,并无明显的性别与年龄差异,提示不典型GIS的发生与患者年龄及性别无明显关系,其发生由其他因素造成。
在本次研究中可见,GIS组患者脊柱病变椎体节段集中于胸7~11,这可能是造成疾病症状不典型的原因之一。脊柱低位的胸段病变,脊椎结构的破坏引起神经压迫或损伤。脊椎结构破坏使脊柱稳定性下降,不仅引起患者疼痛,还影响患者躯体的活动。另外,结核杆菌感染脊柱骨质、韧带和周围软组织引起的干酪样变、单核细胞浸润,造成局部水肿,同样可引起神经压迫。上述病变所产生的牵涉痛会更多地放射至下胸壁及上腹部[1617]。
Ortega 等[18]报道的一个病例中指出,椎旁脓肿可于腰大肌腱鞘内或腹肌的后方形成,最后形成窦道引流至回肠所在的区域,引起患者的不适。本研究中,GIS组患者比NGIS组患者有更高的并发症发生率,因而一些脊柱结核患者表现出GIS,可能与他们并发椎旁及腰大肌冷脓肿有关。脊柱接近腰段的低位胸段稳定性较其他节段低,受到结核杆菌感染后结构破坏更为严重,考虑为GIS组患者更高比例出现神经根受压现象的原因。
综上所述,脊柱椎体病变节段与其他典型的脊柱结核患者存在差别,是GIS患者出现不典型症状、体征的重要原因之一。另一方面,更高的并发症发生率也影响了患者疾病的临床表现。
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(收稿日期:20180123)
(本文编辑:郑巧兰)