王金辉 王飞飞 李为民
[摘要] 目的 探讨MTHFR基因C677T突变与2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并大血管病变的关系。 方法 纳入2015年10月~2017年1月哈尔滨市第一医院380例T2DM患者(其中218例单纯T2DM患者和162例T2DM大血管并发症患者)和306例健康对照者。分离血液基因组DNA,采用基于聚合酶链反应的限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法对MTHFR基因C677T突变进行基因分型。 结果 与单纯T2DM患者相比,T2DM合并大血管并发症患者MTHFR基因C677T突变的TT基因型和T等位基因型频率显著增高,差异有高度统计学意义(P < 0.01)。基因型TT患者同型半胱氨酸浓度明显高于基因型CT和CC的患者(P < 0.05、P < 0.01)。 结论 T2DM合并大血管病变可能与MTHFR基因C677T突变有一定相关性。
[关键词] 糖尿病;大血管病变;亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶;C677T突变;基因型;同型半胱氨酸
[中图分类号] R587.1 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2018)05(b)-0102-05
The significance of C677T mutation in type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with macrovascular complications
WANG Jinhui1 WANG Feifei1 LI Weimin2
1.Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Hospital of Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150000, China; 2.Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the possible association between MTHFR gene C677T mutation and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) combined with macrovascular complications. Methods Clinical data of 380 T2DM patients (218 simple T2DM and 162 T2DM patients with macrovascular complications) and 306 healthy controls were selected from the First Hospital of Harbin from October 2015 to January 2017. Blood genomic DNA was separated and the polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay was used for genotyping of the MTHFR gene C677T mutation. Results The frequencies of TT genotypes and T alleles of the C677T mutation in MTHFR gene in T2DM patients with macrovascular complications were statistically significantly higher than those of simple T2DM patients (P < 0.01). The homocysteine level in genotypic TT patients was significantly higher than that of genotype CT and CC patients (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Conclusion The combination of T2DM with macroangiopathy may be related with the mutation of the MTHFR gene C677T.
[Key words] Diabetic mellitus; Macrovascular complications; Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; C677T mutation; Genotype; Homocysteine
糖尿病是21世纪最重要的公共卫生挑战之一。过去十年,它作为全球健康威胁的疾病被大家所忽视。据世界卫生组织(WHO)称,中国是2015年全球糖尿病患者人数最多的国家,约有1.1亿人患有糖尿病[1]。糖尿病是可以引起各个系统并发症的最常见的非传染性疾病,导致感觉、运动和/或自主神经功能障碍[2-3]。根据近期的研究,人们普遍认为,糖尿病患者显著增加了血管疾病的易感性,2型糖尿病(T2DM)的危害主要来自血管并发症[4]。有研究表明,血管病变是糖尿病患者死亡的主要原因,约占糖尿病死亡率的65%[5]。大血管并发症是T2DM的重要威胁,其中包括冠心病、中风和外周动脉疾病[6]。同时,已经发现同型半胱氨酸水平的升高是糖尿病血管病变的危险因素[7]。此外,据报道,糖尿病患者中高同型半胱氨酸血症与冠状动脉性心脏病的发病率有关[8-9]。
亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)是叶酸途径的重要酶,其催化同型半胱氨酸轉化为甲硫氨酸,通过同型半胱氨酸的重新甲基化过程间接为DNA甲基化和蛋白质甲基化提供甲基并且使血液中的同型半胱氨酸水平保持在一个较低的水平[10]。本研究决定收集哈尔滨市第一医院(以下简称“我院”)相关患者,探讨MTHFR基因C677T多态性与T2DM合并大血管病变的关系。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
本研究收集2015年10月~2017年1月我院临床实验室登记的380例T2DM患者,其中单纯T2DM患者218例,男92例,女126例,平均年龄(51.25±4.32)岁;伴有血管并发症的T2DM患者162例,男66例,女96例,平均年龄(56.14±3.12)岁。患者均符合世界卫生组织的糖尿病标准(2型)。依据1997年美国糖尿病协会(ADA)修改的糖尿病诊断新标准[11],本研究中的大血管并发症包括冠状动脉功能不全、脑动脉功能不全、冠心病、脑梗死、冠状动脉粥样硬化、心力衰竭和高血压。所有的大血管并发症均得到心血管专家的诊断和确认。共招募了同期健康受试者306名,男124名,女182名,平均年龄(50.16±3.46)岁。健康对照组人员的年龄和地理区域与2型糖尿病患者相匹配,并且没有其他全身性疾病。三组研究对象性别、年龄比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性。研究对象的各项指标都是采用标准的自动化实验室方法测量。参与研究者已签署知情同意书,且研究方案由我院机构审查委员会批准。
1.2 方法
使用DNA分离试剂盒(Tiangen,China)按照说明书方法从全血样品中提取基因组DNA。通过基于PCR的限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)测定方法分析MTHFR基因C677T多态性[11]。简而言之,使用G6高保真DNA聚合酶(HaiGene,China)通过扩增基因组DNA获得539 bp的PCR产物,引物序列为5′-CAG AGC ACT CTC TCT GCC CAG T-3′和5′-CCC TTT TGG TGA TGC TTG TTG GCC-3′。然后,将539 bp的PCR产物用HinfI(New England BioLabs Inc.,British)限制酶在37℃下消化過夜,消化产物在2%琼脂糖凝胶上分离。PCR片段用溴化乙锭染色,凝胶成像系统拍照。野生型(CC)的只有539 bp,杂合子(CT)有3个条带,366、173 bp和539 bp,纯合突变型(TT)有366 bp和173 bp。
1.3 统计学方法
使用JMP5.1(SAS Windows版本)进行统计分析。计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示。采用χ2检验评估患者和对照基因型分布的Hardy-Weinberg平衡,并用于分析C677T突变与T2DM患者大血管并发症之间的关系。通过ANOVA统计分析患者的临床特征,运用LSD-t检验对三组间进行两两比较,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 MTHFR C677T突变与T2DM大血管并发症显著性相关
采用PCR-RFLP测定C677T突变基因分型,三种基因型见图1。运用χ2检验统计分析显示,T2DM合并大血管组TT基因型和T等位基因频率显著性高于单纯T2DM组(P < 0.01)。见表1。
2.2 TT基因型患者的同型半胱氨酸水平显著升高
除同型半胱氨酸以外,三种基因型CC、CT和TT之间差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。基因型TT患者同型半胱氨酸浓度明显高于基因型CT和CC(P < 0.05、P < 0.01)。见表2。
3讨论
研究表明MTHFR基因C677T多态性与T2DM合并大血管病变有很密切的相关性[12-13],同时一些研究显示相反的结果[14-15],这表明MTHFR基因C677T多态性与T2DM合并大血管病变之间的关联是存在争议的。在本研究中,MTHFR基因C677T突变与2型糖尿病大血管并发症间存在一定的关系。此外,大血管并发症的T2DM患者C677T突变的基因型和等位基因频率和单纯糖尿病之间有显著统计学差异(P = 0.008、0.002),提示MTHFR基因C677T等位基因可能会增加T2DM糖尿病伴大血管并发症的发病风险。
对于大血管并发症,心血管疾病(CVD)是T2DM患者死亡的主要原因[6],T2DM患者的卒中风险比普通人群高3倍[16]。在以前的研究中,T2DM伴大血管病变患者血浆同型半胱氨酸总浓度和高半胱氨酸血症发生频率明显升高,并且同型半胱氨酸是大血管并发症的独立危险因素[17]。此外,据报道,高同型半胱氨酸与冠心病(CHD)之间存在极强的相关性,提示同型半胱氨酸可能是CHD的独立危险因素[18]。此外,还发现高同型半胱氨酸水平与冠状动脉狭窄的严重程度相关[19]。众所周知,MTHFR中C677T突变是影响血浆高同型半胱氨酸水平的因素[20]。具有TT基因型患者的血浆同型半胱氨酸水平显著高于具有CT和CC基因型的患者[21]。本研究中提示,MTHFR基因C677T多态性与T2DM大血管并发症之间存在显著的关系。MTHFR基因C677T突变也被证实与糖尿病伴冠状动脉心脏病、左心室肥厚、高同型半胱氨酸和缺血性卒中密切相关[22]。高同型半胱氨酸可以通过降低一氧化氮的生物利用度[23-24],改变各种血栓形成因子的表达,促进动脉平滑肌细胞有丝分裂或急性应激相关基因的表达,从而导致血管内皮功能障碍[25]。此外,高同型半胱氨酸可以刺激血管平滑肌细胞增生,进一步损害凝血和纤维蛋白溶解系统,诱发动脉粥样硬化,增加冠心病和脑梗死等心血管疾病的风险。其次,血管平滑肌细胞在高同型半胱氨酸的影响下可导致其加速早期动脉粥样硬化炎性反应[26]。第三,升高的循环同型半胱氨酸浓度可使血管闭塞风险增加。总之,本研究结果提示,MTHFR基因C677T多态性与T2DM大血管并发症之间存在一定的关系。
[参考文献]
[1] Da RF,Ogurtsova K,Linnenkamp U,et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas estimates of 2014 global health expenditures on diabetes [J]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract,2016,117:48-54.
[2] Boulton AJ,Vinik AI,Arezzo JC,et al. Diabetic neuropa?鄄thies:a statement by the American Diabetes Association [J]. Diabetes Care,2005,28(4):956-962.
[3] Barrett AM,Lucero MA,Le T,et al. Epidemiology,public health burden,and treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain:a review [J]. Pain Med,2007,8 Suppl 2:S50-S62.
[4] Huang D,Refaat M,Mohammedi K,et al. Macrovascular Complications in Patients with Diabetes and Prediabetes [J]. Biomed Res Int,2017,2017(9):7839101. doi: 10.1155/2017/7839101
[5] American Diabetes A. Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. In 2007 [J]. Diabetes Care,2008,31(3):596-615.
[6] Van DS,Beulens JW,Van YT,et al. The global burden of diabetes and its complications:an emerging pandemic [J]. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil,2010,17 Suppl 1:S3-S8.
[7] Bosch-Marcé M,Pola R,Wecker AB,et al. Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia impairs angiogenesis in a murine model of limb ischemia [J]. Vasc Med,2005,10(1):15-22.
[8] Majumder M,Mollah FH,Hoque M,et al. Serum Homocysteine and its Association with Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients [J]. Mymensingh Med J,2017,26(4):921-926.
[9] Sahu A,Gupta T,Kavishwar A,et al. Cardiovascular disease among patients with type 2 diabetes:Role of Homocysteine as an inflammatory marker [J]. Ukr Biochem J,2016,88(2):35-44.
[10] Li MN,Wang HJ,Zhang NR,et al. MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism and the severity of coronary lesions in acute coronary syndrome [J]. Medicine(Baltimore),2017, 96(49):e9044.
[11] Fox CS,Coady S,Sorlie PD,et al. Trends in cardiovas-cular complications of diabetes [J]. JAMA,2004,292:2495-2499.
[12] Pollex RL,Mamakeesick M,Zinman B,et al. Methylenet?鄄etrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism 677C>T is associated with peripheral arterial disease in type 2 diabetes [J]. Cardiovasc Diabetol,2005,4:17.
[13] Fekih-Mrissa N,Mrad M,Ibrahim H,et al. Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase(MTHFR)(C677T and A12 98C) Polymorphisms and Vascular Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes [J]. Can J Diabetes,2017,41(4):366-371.
[14] Kaye JM,Stanton KG,McCann VJ,Homocysteine,folate,methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase genotype and vascular morbidity in diabetic subjects [J]. Clin Sci(Lond),2002,102(6):631-637.
[15] Zhu B,Wu X,Zhi X,et al. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chinese population:a meta-analysis of 29 case-control studies [J]. PLoS One,2014,9(7):e102443.
[16] Miguel-Yanes JM,Jiménez-García R,Hernández-Barrera V,et al. Impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus on in-hospital-mortality after major cardiovascular events in Spain(2002-2014)[J]. Cardiovasc Diabetol,2017,16(1):126.
[17] Karlova O,Grinzovskyy A,Kuzminska O,et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia as a predictor of cardiovascular diseases in lead-exposed subjects [J]. Georgian Med News,2017(271):86-90.
[18] Ma Y,Li L,Geng XB,et al. Correlation Between Hyperhomocysteinemia and outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction [J]. Am J Ther,2016,23(6):e1464-e1468.
[19] Yan G,Wang D,Qiao Y,et al. Relationship between hyperhomocysteine and long-term outcome of coronary artery disease patients after drug-eluting stent implantation [J]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi,2015,43(11):943-947.
[20] Brattstrom L,Wilcken DE,Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease:cause or effect ? [J]. Am J Clin Nutr,2000, 72(2):315-323.
[21] Benrahma H,Abidi O,Melouk L,et al.Association of the C677T polymorphism in the human methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase(MTHFR)gene with the genetic predisposition for type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Moroccan population [J]. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers,2012,16(5):383-387.
[22] Ramkaran P,Phulukdaree A,Khan S,et al. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism is associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease in young South African Indians [J]. Gene,2015,571(1):28-32.
[23] Weiss N. Mechanisms of increased vascular oxidant stress in hyperhomocys-teinemia and its impact on endothelial function [J]. Curr Drug Metab,2005,6(1):27-36.
[24] Lotfiazar A,Einollahi B. The role of supplements in reducing cardiovascular events by decrease in highly sensitive C-reactive protein and serum homocysteine [J]. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl,2017,28(6):1451-1452.
[25] Jakubowski H. Pathophysiological consequences of homocysteine excess[J]. J Nutr,2006,136(6 Supp l):1741S-1749S.
[26] Kerkeni M,Tnani M,Chuniaud L,et al. Comparative study on in vitro effects of homocysteine thiolactone and homocysteine on HUVEC cells:evidence for a stronger proa?鄄poptotic and proinflammative homocysteine thiolactone [J]. Mol Cell Biochem,2006,291(1/2):119-126.
(收稿日期:2017-12-04 本文編辑:张瑜杰)