庄霞
短文改错是高考题型当中集语法知识和语言技能为一体的综合性试题,是一种能客观测试学生书面表达能力的方式。它全面地考查学生对词汇、语法、语篇三要素的把握能力,同时也考查学生对语言的评价与校正能力。
2.1谓语动词的误用
⑴一般现在时与一般过去时错用
(2017. 全国卷II)When summer came, they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables. (came—come)
⑵语态的错用
(2018. 全国卷III)About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and became a new member of the school music club. (took—taken)
2.2非谓语动词的误用
⑴不定式符号to的多余和缺失;
⑵过去分词与现在分词的错用;
⑶对to是介词还是不定式符号的错判;
⑷谓语动词与非谓语动词的正确辨别。
2.3名词的误用
⑴名词单数和复数的错用;
⑵可数名词和不可数名词的错用。
(2017. 全国卷II)Besides, they often get some information from the Internet. (informations-information)
2.4形容词和副词误用
⑴形容词和副词词性的误用(形容词修饰名词;副词修饰动词、形容词);
(2017. 全国卷I)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle on the road.(Suddenly-sudden)
⑵系动词后用形容词作表语的误用;
⑶-ed形容词和-ing形容词的误用。
2.5冠词的错用
⑴不定冠词a和an的错用
(2017. 全国卷II)They live far from the school, and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day. (第一个a改为an)
⑵不定冠词a(n)和定冠词the的错用。常出现于一些固定搭配,或是内容的特指与泛指;多冠词或少冠词。
2.6代词的误用
⑴代词数的错用
(2018. 全国卷II)Mr. and Mrs. Zhang all work in our school. (all—both)
⑵物主代词的错用(形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,不能单独使用,常修饰名词;名词性物主代词相当于名词,可单独使用)
⑶反身代词错用
⑷代词指代错误
(2017. 全国卷III)This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days.(your—our)
2.7连词的误用
⑴并列连词(and/but/or);
(2018. 全国卷I)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructors orders, so once I stated the car, my mind went blank.(so—but)
⑵定語从句中关系代词与关系副词误用及缺失;
⑶状语从句中连接词的错用;
⑷名词性从句中连接词的错用或缺失。
2.8介词的错用
⑴介词搭配不当;
⑵介词多用或少用。
(2017. 全国卷II)They have also bought for some gardening tools. (去掉)
⑶介词的区别错误(between, among, besides, except等)
3.1通读全文,掌握大意,确定人称、时态及逻辑错误
在做题时,把文章当作短文,对文章有宏观上的把握,准确判断文中的人称、时态,找出文中明显的逻辑上的错误。
3.2分句阅读,逐句分析,整句找错,从语法的角度审查
在理解和把握全文的基础上,逐句阅读,分析判断,前后兼顾,从谓语动词、非谓语动词 、名词、代词、形容词和副词、介词、冠词等各个方面查找,逐句纠正错误。
3.3反复诵读,复查验证
改完后,要回头重读文章,看改过后的内容是否语句通畅,时态一致,合乎全文逻辑,如有不妥之处,感觉不顺的地方,需集中精力,再次琢磨,更加准确地给出答案,该出的错误一定要符合1:1:8的比例,即多次1个,缺词1个,错词8个。答案中一般也不会出现重复考查某个语法点的现象。同时也一定要注意答题的规范性,位置要准确,符号要准确。