循规但不蹈矩，合理拓展细节—应用文写作专题之“求助与建议”

◎吴俊峰 浙江省常山县第一中学

“Roses given,fragrance in hand.”意思是“爱出者爱返，福往者福来”。我们每个人都不是孤岛，往往需要向他人求助，也会以建议等方式助人。这个过程中，播下的是希望，传递的是爱心。

求助是一种很重要的社交和生存能力，我们要掌握求助技巧并学会在困难的时候勇敢向别人求助。求助者要懂得感恩与敬畏，资助者或建议者要懂得理解与尊重。善提建议的人，往往善解人意，广结人缘，是谦恭的人、仁义的人。

求助与助人，是良好人际关系和情感连接的纽带，可以帮助我们提高社会交往能力，拥有和谐的人际关系，更容易走向成功，而且还能增加幸福指数。

一、求助或建议信的文体特点

求助信要从高效解决问题的角度，把求助信息用精练准确和通俗易懂的方式表达出来，具体可以先简述现状和进展（Situation&Progress），再澄清目标和预期结果（Objective&Key Results），描述自己想到的方法和遇到的难点（Options&Problems），最后表达希望在哪些方面（想法或资源）能够帮助到自己（Thoughts&Resources）。求助信要表达出自己希望得到帮助的急切心理和诚意。

建议信是向征询建议者就某事提出写信人的看法、建议或忠告；也可能是写给某个组织或机构，就改进其服务等提出建议或忠告。高考中此类信件多属于半开放性作文，要求考生根据所给的材料，提出合理化建议或者针对性解决办法。建议信除了遵循书信的格式之外，还要求在信中针对别人的问题，合情合理地给出观点及解决办法，并鼓励收信人听取建议，要有礼貌，使对方容易接受。

二、求助或建议信的内容结构

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三、求助或建议信的写作要领

1.厘清因果逻辑，合理拓展细节

首先，高考英语应用文写作从功能意念的角度考查学生表达建议、求助、投诉、邀请、推荐、感谢、评价、致歉等具体的交际能力，而所有与这些功能对应的交际内容基本上都可以与表示原因和结果的句型叠加在一起，使句子的表意获得强化的效果。其次，由于高考英语应用文写作所给的中文提示很少，考生需要对要点进行合理的拓展，如果能够使用因果逻辑来展开思考，可形成逻辑严谨、合情合理的好段落或好句子。

例如，“你就你班的戏剧排练求助正在外面旅游度假的外教”，我们可以采用因果逻辑的思维方式合理拓展细节。从结果的角度说，“如果得到了外教老师及时的帮助和指导，我们的表演就可以更加精彩，给观众和裁判留下好的印象，增加我们班级获奖的概率(If we could get your generous elp,we would impress the audience and judges with wonderful performance,which in turn would increase our chances of winning the competition.)”从原因的角度说，“您是英语母语者，是英语戏剧和文学方面的专家，我们觉得有必要向您学习和请教（Given the fact that you are an English native speaker and expert on British drama and literature,we are eager to learn from you and hope to get your guidance.）”上述两种拓展方式很好地说明了因果逻辑的运用价值，彰显了良好的思维品质。

再例如，“在澳大利亚旅游时把照相机落在了自己入住的宾馆里，请宾馆工作人员帮忙寻回”，我们可用因果逻辑关系合理展开要点，充分表达求助的迫切性和真诚。“考虑到相机记录了我对你国家旅行的美好回忆，我不能失去它（原因），你能否帮我找到我的相机，然后用航空邮件寄给我（结果）？（Considering the camera recorded my fond memories of my trip to your country so I can’t afford to lose it,I am wondering whether you could help me find it and send it to me by airmail.）”

再比如，“给即将来校任教的外教提教学方面的建议”，可以运用因果逻辑使得所提建议显得有礼有节，易于对方接受。“关于这门课的主题，我们希望您能让我们了解当前的国际事务（结果），因为这不仅会拓宽我们的视野，也会有助于我们提高考试成绩（原因）。此外，由于我们中国老师测试多和节奏快的教学，我们感到压力巨大（原因），因此希望您可以放慢速度，创设轻松的课堂氛围，多给我们机会来表达我们的想法（结果）。（Regarding the topics of the class,we would like you to teach current international affairs because this not only will broaden our horizon but also will contribute to improvement in ourtestscores.In addition,due to the heavy pressure from endless tests and the fast pace of teaching and learning,you’d better slow down your pace and create a relaxing atmosphere in your class,giving us more chances to express our ideas.）”

2.着力“开放要点”，循规但不蹈矩

高考英语应用文写作基本上是提纲式或图表式的半开放性作文，一般题目只给出主要的写作要点。首先，要读懂题目要求，遵循应用文写作规矩，明确应用文的体裁而选择合适的格式，明确写信目的与对象而选择合适的措辞。

其次，要给写作要点增加适当的细节让文章内容饱满，而找出题目要点中的“开放性要点（即思维突破口）”，弄清主要点和次要点，是恰当增加细节的关键。然而，很多学生不知道应该怎样增加信息，干脆就不增加，导致信件的内容空洞；也有学生由于不知道增加什么信息比较适当，往往会在写作中增加一些不相关的内容。因此我们要思路清晰，着力于“开放性要点”；逻辑性强，确保要点主次分明、齐全并准确；语言利落，确保清晰有效地传递信息。写作时忌随心所欲，东拉西扯，不着边际，内容要点不全，表达思路不清。

例如，《2015·新课标全国卷Ⅰ》中：“假定你是李华，你校英文报‘外国文化’栏目拟刊登介绍美国节日风俗和中学生生活的短文。请给美国朋友彼得写信约稿，要点如下：1.栏目介绍；2.稿件内容；3.稿件长度：约400词；.交稿日期：6月28日前。”试题中第1个要点是栏目介绍，题目中没有对其进行过多的解释，就属于开放性要点；第2个要点是稿件内容，题目中虽有提及，但没有细化其内容，也属于开放性要点。对于这些开放性要点，考生不能随意增加细节内容，应当和书信首段的情景描述一样，遵循简而精的原则，并立足于本篇书信的目的和内容，增加适当的、合理的细节，从而达到行文连贯的目的。第3个要点和第4个要点则属于非开放性要点，因为“稿件长度”和“交稿日期”都是规定的内容，学生只需要写齐这些要点就可以了，增加细节反而会画蛇添足。

本文要点阐述如下：The“Foreign Cultures”section in our newspaper is ery popular among us.It carries articles written by foreign friends about the ultures of their own countries.Would you please write something about the ulture in your part of the United States(要点1)?And we would especially

elcome articles about how Americans spend their holidays and festivals,and he life of American high school students.You can write anything relevant so ong as it's interesting and informative(要点2).Four hundred words would be ine(要点3).Could we have your article before June 28(要点4)?

3.拿捏得体语气，把握交际原则

虽然应用文的写作语气因人因事而异，但出于交际需要，遣词应得体，行文应具有亲和力。高考应用文写作的情景性强，我们写作时要将自己置身于沟通语境中，分析并明确受众需要什么，然后根据受众的特点来组织文字信息。要真正了解和尊重对方，求助和建议一定要在对方可接受和可考虑的范围。不宜咄咄逼人，把提建议变成下命令；也不宜夸大其词，把求帮助变成求施舍。

例如，请求“希望工程”相关部门寻找资助候选人：“Firstly,I wonder if I can offer financial aid to a boy aging 6 to 9,who is getting his primary education.Secondly,would you please tell me the specific information on how to contact the boy and his family?Should I contact them by myself and transfer the money to his family bank account?”求助信中适当应用“I wonder if...”“Would you please tell me...”“May I...”等表达，显得礼貌得体，语言生动，地道自然。

再比如，提议保护北京胡同建筑文化：“I suggest a law should be set up to maintain and protect the cultural heritage.I also propose that a hutong museum be established to exhibit the charm and significance of the culture.I myself,as well as many others,do hope that Beijing hutong remains nothing more than a memory.”建议信中“I suggest...I also propose that...I myself,as well as many others,do hope that...”等表达使得观点层层推进，逻辑严密，结构紧凑，简明扼要。

四、求助或建议信的素材积累

（一）篇首句

1.求助

（1）我写信寻求你的帮助。I’m writing to ask/seek for your help.

（2）很抱歉，我不得不请求你的帮助，希望你能帮助我。I’m sorry that I have to ask a favor of you,with the hope that you will be kind to help me.

（3）我冒昧地写这封信，请求你帮我一个忙。I am writing this letter to ask you to do me a favor.

（4）但不幸的是，我遇到了困难，你是否能帮我解决这些困难？But unluckily/unfortunately,I’m encountering/faced with difficulties while doing...,I wonder if you could help me with these difficulties.

2.建议

（1）很遗憾听说你在适应新学校方面有困难。这样的问题是很正常的。可能下面的建议会有一些帮助。I’m sorry to hear that you are having trouble fitting in your new school.Such problems are quite normal.Perhaps the following suggestions are helpful.

（2）我给你写信是想说明一下我对于进一步改善我们旅馆的一些想法，以吸引更多顾客。I’m writing to you to present what I think on the further improvement of our hotel so as to attract more clients.

（3）你向我咨询如何学习汉语，那么我就在这里给出一些指导意见。You have asked me for my advice with regard to how to learn Chinese,and I will try to make some conductive suggestions here.

（4）很高兴收到你的来信，信上询问我关于如何适应新的学校生活。下面是我的一些建议。I’m very glad to receive your letter asking for my advice on how to fit in the new school life.Here are a few suggestions.

（5）担心于事无补。Worrying about it won’t solve anything/won’t make it better/won’t do any good to you.

（二）篇中句

1.求助

（1）在这儿我似乎不能与他人融洽相处。I seem not to be able to fit in well with others here.

（2）我觉得没有完全习惯这儿的生活。I don’t feel quite accustomed to the life here.

（3）我渴望学好英语，但我不知道怎么学，这使我很烦恼。I long to study English well,but I don’t know how,which makes me upset.

（4）这些日子我不能专心学习，上次考试我没有及格，这使我很着急。I can’t concentrate on my lessons these days,and I failed in the last exam,which worries me a lot.

（5）在这所学校我经常感到受到冷落，我不知道这是怎么回事。I often feel left out in this school,and I don’t know why I have this feeling.

（6）我的英语不好，他们听不懂我的话。I’m so poor at English that I can’t make myself understood./I can’t get my point across.

（7）我讨厌我父母在周末逼我补课。I hate it when my parents force me to take extra lessons on weekends.

2.建议

（1）你来时不妨跟我住在一起。You might as well stay with me while you are here then.

（2）在我看来，在你目前的情况下，找个兼职工作更可取一些。In my humble opinion/From my point of view,it is more advisable to take a part-time job in your situation.

（3）如果我是你，我会尝试另一种办法。If I were you,I would try another method.

（4）你最好/最好不……You’d better(not)go and buy an English-Chinese dictionary.

（5）如果你在英语国家找个笔友也是个不错的主意。It would also be a good idea if you could find a pen friend in English-speaking countries.

（6）在下认为，如果你能采取以下措施，将是一种明智的选择。In my humble view,it would be wise of you to take the following action.

（7）我想，如果你能积极地多参加一些学校活动，可能会更好。It seems to me that it would be more beneficial if you could take an active part in more school activities.

（8）很多高中生几乎不参加课外活动，这是他们身体差的原因。Nowadays,many senior school students hardly take part in after-class activities,which results in their poor health.

（9）我建议有关当局应该制定一项规定，让学生每天运动至少一个小时。I suggest the authorities concerned(should)make it a rule for students to spend at least one hour a day on sport.

（10）在你目前的情况下，似乎找个兼职工作会有帮助。It seems that taking a part-time job would make sense in your situation.

（三）篇尾句

1.求助

（1）我真诚地希望得到您的及时答复。I sincerely hope to get your timely reply.

（2）你给出的建议都是至关重要的。Any suggestion you give counts.

（3）您对我信件的及时关注将让我感激不尽。Your prompt attention to my letter would be highly appreciated.

（4）我相信，我将从你宝贵而及时的建议中受益匪浅。I believe I will benefit a lot from your valuable and timely advice.

2.建议

（1）我希望这些建议/意见/看法对你实用/有用/有帮助。I hope you will find these proposals/suggestions/recommendations practical/useful/helpful.

（2.）请原谅我的冒昧，不过，希望你能三思而后行。I hope you will not find it too straightforward for me to suggest that you think it over before taking action.

（3）我相信你会认真考虑我的建议。无论你决定做什么，祝你学习/工作好运！I believe that you will take my suggestions into serious account.Whatever you decide to do,good luck with your studies/work！

（4）我希望你可以好好考虑我的建议。我准备好和你进一步讨论这件事情。I hope you can take good consideration of my advice.I would be ready to discuss about this matter with you to further details.

五、求助或建议信的写作示范

【优秀范文——求助信】假定你是李华，正在一所英国学校学习暑期课程，遇到一些困难，希望得到学校辅导中心（Learning Center）的帮助。根据学校规定，你需书面预约，请按下列要点写一封信：

1.求助内容；2.约定时间；3.你的联系方式（Email：lihua@1236.com）注意：1.词数80左右；

2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

Dear Sir/Madam at the Learning Center,

I’m Li Hua,a Chinese student taking summer courses in your university.I'm writing to ask for help.

I came here last month and found my courses interesting.But I have some difficulties with note taking and using the library.When told that students can get help from your center,I’m really glad.I have no classes on Tuesday mornings and Friday afternoons.Please let me know which time fits you better.You can contact me via my email address:lihua@1236 com.

Anxiously looking forward to your reply.

Yours truly,Li Hua

【优秀范文——建议信】假如你是李华，你校的英语版校园网最近在征求改进意见。请你给你校的网站负责人写一封建议信，信的内容需包括：

1.增加校园生活图片；2.及时更新新闻；3.增加读书沙龙（Reading Salon）栏目。

注意：1.词数80左右；

2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

Dear Sir or Madam,

I’m writing to offer my suggestions on the improvement of our school’s English web.

As the web is basically intended for the students,it is advisable that more photos about our campus life be provided to make it more appealing and attractive.Additionally,the news should be updated more often to keep us better informed of what’s going on in the world.As we all love reading,a new Reading Salon on this platform will be welcomed so that we can communicate with each other on the books we’ve just read.

I would appreciate it if you could consider my suggestions.

Yours sincerely,Li Hua