熊静平 范晓棠 张跃新
[摘要] 目的 用超聲和(或)CT血管造影分析肝硬化门静脉血栓(Portal vein thrombus,PVT)的解剖位置、数量及其与肝硬化Child-Pugh分级的相关性。方法 回顾性分析2013年6月—2017年6月在新疆医科大学第一附属医院诊治的109例肝硬化PVT患者的临床资料,所有患者均行超声和(或)CT血管造影观察PVT的解剖位置、数量并与肝硬化Child-Pugh分级做相关性分析。结果 109例肝硬化PVT患者血栓位于门静脉主干的有91例,占83.49%,其中51例合并有门静脉其他分支受累,占46.79%。单纯局限于脾静脉2例、肝内右支2例、肝内左支5例、肠系膜上静脉的1例、海绵样变性的2例,所占比例分别占1.83%、1.83%、4.59%、0.09%、1.83%。肝硬化PVT位置以门静脉主干多见,海绵样变性少见。血栓的解剖位置、数量与ChilcI-Pugh分级间的相关性差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.808,χ2=0.111,P>0.05)。结论 肝硬化PVT位于门静脉主干多见,海绵样变性少见,PVT的位置、数目与Child-Pugh分级无相关性。
[关键词] 肝硬化;门静脉血栓;位置;数目;Child-Pugh分级
[中图分类号] R5 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-0742(2018)02(c)-0039-03
Position of Portal Vein Thrombosis with Liver Cirrhosis and Correlation Studies with Child-pugh Class
XIONG Jing-ping1,2, FAN Xiao-tang3, ZHANG Yue-xin1
1.Infectious Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Wulumuqi, Xinjiang Province, 830054 China; 2.Digestive Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Wulumuqi, Xinjiang Province, 830063 China; 3.Liver Disease Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Wulumuqi, Xinjiang Province, 830054 China
[Abstract] Objective This paper tries to explore the anatomical location and number of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) with liver cirrhosis and determine whether the PVT was associated with Child-Pugh class. Methods Between June, 2013 and June, 2017,109 inpatients of PVT with liver cirrhosis in this hospital were confimed and observed the location, the number of PVT by ultrasound or CT angiography. The correlation of the occurrence of PVT with Child-Pugh class of cirrhosis was assessed. Results 91 thrombosis were located in the main branch of portal vein in 109 patients, and the proportion was 83.49%. There were 51 cases with portal vein branch affected ,and the proportion was 46.79%. 2 cases were located in the spleen vein, 2 cases were located in the right branch of portal vein, 5 cases were located in the left branch of portal vein, one case was located in the superior mesenteric vein, and 2 cases were spongy degeneration. The proportion respectively were 1.83%, 1.83%, 4.59%, 0.09%, and 1.83%. The number, and position were not correlated with Child-Pugh class of cirrhosis (χ2=0.808,χ2=0.111,P>0.05). Conclusion The most position of PVT with liver cirrhosis were located in the main portal vein, and spongy degeneration was rare and the position and number were not correlated with Child-Pugh class of liver cirrhosis.
[Key words] Portal vein thrombosis; Liver cirrhosis; Position; Number; Child-Pugh class
门静脉血栓是指门静脉系统的血栓形成,PVT是肝硬化门脉高压的常见并发症,临床症状因血栓部位、数目而不相同。血栓位于肠系膜上静脉可出现剧烈腹痛,严重者导致肠道缺血梗死危及生命。血栓局限于门静脉主干、肝内分支,临床表现以侧枝循环的建立、脾功能亢进、顽固性的腹水等门脉高压征象为主。PVT形成原因可能与因肝硬化门静脉高压导致的门静脉系血流滞缓、涡流形成及内皮损伤有关。也可能与肝功能有关,施伦波等的研究结果显示随着Child-Pugh分级的增加,肝硬化患者发生PVT的可能性越大[1]。周仁华等[2]发现大部分PVT患者的肝功能分级为Child-PughB和C级。而关于肝硬化PVT的位置、数目及与Child-Pugh分级的相关性的研究很少,该文旨在对2013年6月—2017年6月期间在该院的109例肝硬化PVT患者血栓位置、数目及与Child-Pugh分级的关系进行分析,其结果有望为临床提供指导,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
收集在新疆医科大学第一附属医院住院的109例肝硬化PVT患者的资料,其中男性67例,女性42例。年龄26~78岁,平均(54.89±11.51)岁。Child-Pugh评分A级24例、B级69例、C级16例,分别占22.02%、63.30%、14.68%;所选病例经该院伦理委员会批准,并获得患者或家属知情同意。肝硬化患者诊断符合《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2015更新版)》[2]中的诊断标准。
1.2 方法
收集PVT患者在该院彩超室和(或)CT室,行腹部彩超或(和)多排螺旋计算机腹部断层扫描血管造影检查的结果,记录PVT的位置及数目。PVT超声诊断标准:当超声征象出现以下表现时:①门静脉检测不清或检测不到。②门静脉腔内有血栓回声。③门静脉结构消失,周围出现许多匍行的血管。诊断为PVT,第③种情况诊断为门静脉海绵样变性。PVT的多排螺旋计算机腹部断层扫描血管造影检查诊断标准:小的血栓在多排螺旋计算机腹部断层扫描血管造影上表现为充盈缺损,当门静脉完全阻塞时表现为“双轨征”。
1.3 统计方法
采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件进行分析,计数资料[n(%)]比较采用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 肝硬化PVT患者血栓的位置和数目
109例肝硬化PVT患者血栓位于门静脉主干的有91例,占83.49%,其中有51例合并有门静脉其他分支受累,占46.79%。单纯局限于脾静脉2例、肝内右支2例、肝内左支5例、肠系膜上静脉的有1例、海绵样变性的2例,所占比例分别占1.83%、1.83%、4.59%、0.09%、1.83%。肝硬化PVT位置以门静脉主干多见,海绵样变性少见。
2.2 血栓分布、数目与肝硬化Chnd-Pugh不同分级相关性
将肝硬化PVT分为单发血栓(累及门静脉系单支)和多发血栓(累及门静脉系两支以上)。在血栓的解剖位置上,位于门静脉主干和(或)分支者为高位血栓;位于脾静脉和(或)肠系膜上静脉为低位血栓。PVT的位置、数目与Child-Pugh分级无相关性。见表1。
3 讨论
PVT是肝硬化的常见并发症,林国帅等的研究结果显示肝硬化PVT发病率为9.5%[3],刘金芝等[4]的研究显示肝硬化PVT发病率为12.9%。Cagin等[5]发现PVT的发病与肝硬化严重程度有关。PVT如不及时治疗,可导致上消化道出血、肝昏迷、甚至引起肠坏死而危及生命。Jonathan等[6]的一项荟萃分析发现肝硬化PVT患者的死亡风险增加。
该研究结果显示,PVT解剖位置以门静脉主干居多,占83.49%%,海绵样变性少见。原因为门静脉主干管腔较大,易引起涡流;脾静脉、肠系膜上静脉血液向肝内流动,门静脉无静脉瓣,血栓易蔓延至门静脉主干。对于Child-Pugh分级高的患者易合并PVT的原因可能是肝功能越差,可引起凝血与抗凝机制紊乱,高凝状态形成,易发生PVT[7]。
该研究结果显示PVT的位置及数目与肝硬化Child-Pugh分级差异无统计学意义。原因为Child-Pugh分级主要是评价肝功能的标准,而不是评价门静脉血流的标准。与陈繁等[8]的研究结果一致(位置及数目与Child-Pugh分级差异P值分别为0.662与0.427)。
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(收稿日期:2017-11-23)