马道森
【摘要】 定语从句关系副词是中学阶段英语语法的难点,很多学生把关系副词和关系代词混为一谈。比如他们不理解同样的先行词the days 为什么有些时候后面用when ,有些时候用that或which;先行词the reason也一样,后面有时用why,有时用that或which。这些问题经常会困扰学生,百思不得其解。为解决这些疑难,本文从句子结构分析的角度,分析了定语从句三个状语及对应的关系副词的特点并提供了相关题目的解题方法和思路。
【关键词】 定语从句 关系副词 关系代词
【中图分类号】 G633.41 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1992-7711(2018)03-186-02
0
一、定语从句的关系副词
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。 引导定语从句的词叫做关系词,根据关系词在定语从句中的作用即充当的句子成分,可以分为关系代词和关系副词两种。关系代词主要有who, whom, which, that, whose 等;关系副词主要有when, where, why,本文重点讲述关系副词的用法。
二、关系副词的作用
副词和状语都是汉语词汇。状语,即表示动词的状态、地点、时间、程度、原因等的修饰成分。作状语的词叫做副词。关系副词用来联系定语从句,在定语从句中作状语,when,where, why 分别作时间状语,地点状语和原因状语。
以下面句子为例:
Marys fatherwas lying on the bed at 5:00 yesterday afternoon for his illness.
定語 主语 谓语 地点状语 时间状语 原因 状语
句子中,三个状语分别是地点状语、时间状语、和原因状语。鉴于很多学生关于句子结构的知识比较薄弱,我们可以给学生一定数量的句子成分分析的练习题,通过一定数量的练习以后,学生就会熟练分析句子结构了,然后就可以由易到难,循序渐进,从简单句过渡到复合句,进而分析复合句的组成部分,通过题目来引入关系代词和关系副词知识。
三、关系副词的运用
定语从句的关系副词只有三个,作时间状语的的when,作地点状语的where 和作原因状语的why。 下面通过组句练习来说明复合句的构成。例如:
(1 ) He came to the meeting late , for he overslept.
原因状语
(2) The reason was that he overslept.
——The reason why he came to the meeting late was that he overslept.
why = for he over slept
(3) I will never forget the days.
(4) we stayed in that lonely village during the days.
时间状语
when= during the days.
——I will never forget the days when we stayed in that lonely village.
(5).Finally the troops arrived in a small town.
(6).The troops planned to spend the night in the town.
地点状语
——Finally the troops arrived in a small town where they planned to spend the night.
where = in the town
可以看出,三种状语 都是由介词+ 先行词组成的。先行词是指原因,地点或者时间的名词,这个名词可以用关系代词which/that代替,所以,我们总结出最后结论,定语从句的
关系副词 (where/when/ why) = 介词+先行词 = 介词+ which. 注意:that 不能放在介词后面做介词的宾语。
四、易错题目解析
下面就用如上结论来分析一些定语从句的易错题目:
(1). He lives in a hotel, is only half an hours walk from here.
A. thatB. whichC. in which D. where
解析:本题 hotel 是先行词, 将先行词带入定语从句 the hotel is only half an hours walk from here. 句子完整。 上面说过,先行词用关系代词which代替(非限制性定语从句关系代词指物时,只能用which),所以答案是B.
(2) The workers finally cut the tree, Julie Baker could see the beautiful sunrise and sunset
A. that B. which C. who D. where
解析:本题 the tree 是先行词,把它带入定语从句,句子不完整,需要加介词on,成为如下句子:
Julie Baker could see the beautiful sunrise and sunset on the tree (地点状语)
用which 代替先行词 即成为 on which, 把on which 置于Julie Baker 前:
The workers finally cut the tree, on which Julie Baker could see the beautiful sunrise and sunset.
根据上面的推论。 where = on which
得出正确答案:D
3. Betty will never forget the days she spent with her father in Shanghai.
A. when B. on whichC. on that D. that
解析:本题 很多同学会因惯性思维的影响,看到the days 马上就选择了A 答案。下面分析一下存在什么问题:
本题先行词 the days. 把它带入定语从句,可构成一个意思正确、结构完整的句子
She spent the days with her father in Shanghai.
Spent 是及物动词,the days 是賓语,构成动宾结构。
上文讲到 指物的先行词可以用关系代词that/ which ,故正确答案为:D
4. Betty will never forget the days she studied in America.
A.during whichC. during thatC. whichD. that
解析: 本题先行词 the days. 把the days 带入定语从句,我们发现,无法构成完整句子,需根据意义添加介词 during 或者in, 即:
She studied in America during the days. (时间状语)
先行词用关系代词which或that 代替,我们得到答案 during which. 故正确答案:A
(that 不能放在介词后面做介词的宾语)
5. The reason he explained to me was not convincing.
A. that B. why C. for which D. for that
解析: 学生易选B。我们验证一下:
把the reason 带入定语从句,可以构成完整的句子:
he explained the reason to me.
后面的定语从句缺的不是原因状语,而是explained 的宾语,指物并作宾语我们用关系代词that/ which. 到此,我们得出正确答案:A
6. The reason he was absent was that he was ill.
A. why B. whichC. that D. for that
解析: 先行词同样是the reason, 现在我们把它带入定语从句:
he was absent for the reason(原因状语)
先行词用关系代词that/ which 代替,因that 不能放在介词后面做宾语,我们得出空格处应填 for which,原因状语用关系副词why. 即 why = for which . 到此,得出正确答案:A
六、结语
本文运用分析句子结构的方法系统阐述了定语从句关系副词的结构特征,并运用分析结果成功解决了中学阶段定语从句方面的疑难题目。本文研究结果表明,定语从句关系副词when/where/ why 都可以分解为介词+ 先行词两部分。判断空格处应填关系代词还是关系副词的标准是看先行词能否直接作定语从句的句子成分,如果能则应填关系代词;如果不能则需填入关系副词。尽管这部分知识是中学阶段语法难点,通过详细的讲解和足够的练习,学生定能熟练掌握和运用。