崔雪梅
中图分类号:G648文献标识码:B文章编号:1672-1578(2017)12-0111-01
本文作者欲从英汉对比的角度和使用归纳学习的方法,提高定语从句的教学效率。
1.英汉双语定语位置差异对比
定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。它是英语和汉语中共有的一种语法成分。汉语属于分析型语言,定语结构总体上比较固定,往往前置。英语是综合型语言,定语排列比较灵活,单词作定语往往前置、而稍复杂的成分倾向于后置,如:定语从句。
1.1它是只可爱的猫。 It is a lovely cat.(单词前置)
1.2我有个长着红头发的哥哥。I have a brother with red hair.(短语后置)
1.3那个正在和我的妈妈谈话的男孩叫汤姆。The boy who is talking with my mother is Tom.(句子后置)
从以上例句可以分析出汉语中的定语均置于所修饰词之前,但译为英语后情况如下: 当定语是单个单词时前置于中心词(但也有例外,如形容词修饰不定代词时要后置),而当定语为短语或句子时,后置于中心词。教师在进行定语从句教学前,能够让学生认识和了解英汉语言中定语的表达差异,将有助于学生理解和掌握。
2.翻译练习:此环节的目的在于进一步培养学生领会差异并做出正确理解
She is a beautiful girl.
She is a beautiful girl that/who has long black hair.
I like the gift that/which my mother bought for me.
She likes musicians that\who write their own songs.
I don't know the boy that/which is sitting under the tree.
3.归纳法探究定语从句
归纳法不是通过语法理论的讲解来进行教学,而是通过大量的语言实践来学习语法,因此在教學程序上它突出了"实践"。归纳法具体到教学中的实际应用,应该概括为"观察、比较、归纳"三个步骤。
探究环节:让学生继续观察以下定语从句,它们有什么特点?
She is a beautiful girl that/who has long black hair.
I like the gift that/which my mother bought for me.
She likes musicians that\who write their own songs
I don't know the boy that/who is sitting under the tree.
I have finished the book that/which you lent to me last week.
My brother prefers movies that/which can make him relaxed.
Xu Fei wants to be a teacher that/who can tell jokes.
位置特点: 都置于名词之后,这个名词叫做先行词。
引导词:都有that,有时可与who, which 替换使用,我们把它们叫做关系代词。它们指代先行词。此时教师可以把定语从句分解为两个简单句,学生就很容易理解了。可以看出,that可用于以上所有定语从句,可是,who 和which 如何区别使用呢?Who用于先行词为人的情况,而which 用于先行词为物的情况。
最后,总结引导词的功能:引导定语从句,指代先行词,在定语从句中做成分。She is a beautiful girl that/who has long black hair.在此句中,that/who 引导定语从句,指代先行词girl,同时,在定语从句中做主语。
4. 巩固练习(以汉英翻译或纠错的方式)
She is a girl that/ who likes laughing.
The book that/which he bought yesterday is interesting.
Her father is a man that/who is warm-hearted.
The student that/who sits behind me is Lee.
Lily has a schoolbag that/which is the same to mine.
5.结束语
综上所述,教师在语言教学中应善于利用语言间的差异进行对比教学,来提高学生的学习效率。同时,运用归纳法,发挥学生主动性,通过不断探究的方式获取知识,更会达到事半功倍的教学效果。
参考文献:
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