方安宁,严家来,周卫凤,黄玲,丁艳
(1.安徽医学高等专科学校,安徽合肥230601;2.南京市第二医院,江苏南京210003)
成熟的miRNAs是一类长约21~25个核苷酸的小分子非编码RNA,编码miRNAs的基因在细胞核中经RNA聚合酶Ⅱ加工生成一种长度约为70 nt的初始转录本pri-miRNAs。该转录本在RNA酶Dorsha的作用下加工成miRNA前体pre-miRNA。Exportin 5蛋白能与pre-miRNA特异性结合并将其输出细胞核进入细胞质。进入细胞质的pre-miRNA在Dicer酶的作用下进一步被剪切成为一个不稳定的dsRNA分子,接着在解旋酶的作用下生成成熟的单链miRNA,通过与靶mRNA的3’-非翻译区(UTR)和编码区域的碱基互补配对抑制靶mRNA翻译,在转录水平调控靶基因表达[2]。miRNAs的功能非常重要,包括参与早期发育、细胞增殖、细胞凋亡、细胞死亡、脂肪代谢和细胞分化,目前认为体内至少30%的基因表达受miRNAs调控[3]。
既往对miRNAs的研究主要集中于它们在细胞内的活动,目前已有一些文献报道了在肝癌中表达失调的miRNAs[4-15],随着miRNAs功能研究的不断深入,miRNAs在肝癌发生发展过程中的作用也逐渐被研究者所关注。自2005年Murakami等首次报道miRNAs在正常肝脏和肝癌中的表达差异以来,已有多篇文献报道了肝癌中异常表达的miRNAs[4-15]。在肝癌中表达上调的miRNAs有:miR-122、miR-21、miR-199a/b-3p、miR-223等,在正常肝脏中仅有9个miRNAs处于高丰度表达,占整个肝脏的miRNAs组的88.2%。其中表达最高的是miRNAs-122,第三高的miRNAs199a/b-3p的低表达与生存期显著相关。在HCC中表达下调的miRNAs有Let-7a、miR-101、miR-122、miR-125a、miR-139a、miR-143、miR-195、miR-26和miR-29等。由HsuPW[16]预测人类miRNAs在病毒基因中作用位点的一个软件(http:vita.mbe.nctu.edu.tw),Let-7a是HBV基因组的保守序列中的一个潜在的作用位点。另有文献[17-18]报道组织中miR-17-5p在肝癌转移中升高,可以作为预后标志物。miRNAs在肝相关疾病组织中的研究比较热门,但无法确定哪一个或哪几个miRNA的表达失调在HCC发展中发挥核心作用,但是我们还是可以看出一些在肝癌诊断方面达成共识的miRNAs,像miR-122a、miR199[19]等,在肝癌中不同miRNAs的表达所影响的信号通路(见图1)[4]可以很直观地发现受体络氨酸激酶(这里表示肝细胞生长因子HGF/蛋氨酸原癌基因MET唯一轴),RAS和P13K途径被下调的miR-199a/b-3p,Let-7和上调的miR-21所影响,导致细胞的癌变。miR-199a/b-3p、Let-7、miR-21这3种miRNA在病毒肝炎、肝硬化及肝细胞性癌患者的外周循环中也比较有意义,是否可以作为肿瘤标志物尚不可知。在HCC肿瘤发生过程中各种miRNAs所起的作用,其中miR-21、miR-199、miR-221、miR-122、miR-101和Let-7同样起重要作用,见图2[12]。
图1 肝癌中不同miRNAs的表达的信号通路示意图
图2 miR-21、miR-199、miR-221、miR-122、miR-101和Let-7在HCC发生中的作用
半个多世纪前,Mandel和Metais在血浆和血清中发现了循环核酸(CNAs)[20]。随着不断改进检测技术和方法,循环核酸在临床疾病诊断中的应用得到了较大进步,在很多领域取得了巨大成就,如器官移植、遗传性疾病的产前检查等[21]。早期的研究也表明,在肿瘤患者的血浆中,RNA的量显著增加,肿瘤细胞的基因表达谱也和正常细胞有显著差异[22-23]。近年来发现的miRNA也和肿瘤等各种疾病的发生发展有着密切的联系。由于病变组织细胞中的miRNA表达往往失调,且miRNA在血浆中极其稳定,研究者推测miRNA可以作为一种理想的以血液检测为基础的生物标志。
Chen等[24]通过对健康中国人的血清进行Solexa测序,鉴定了男性和女性血清中的miRNA数目分别为100和91。Taylor等[25]对同一卵巢癌患者的细胞和外核体研究发现,在467条miRNA中有218条呈现阳性。Mitchell等[26]通过分离健康人血浆中的18~24个核苷酸的RNA,得到37种左右miRNAs,包括Let-7a、miR-16、miR-15b等。对3份独立的健康人血浆miR-16、miR-24(血浆中中等丰度表达)和miR-15b(血浆中低等丰度表达)进行qRT-PCR分析,发现这3种miRNAs的浓度为8 910~133 970拷贝/微升。同时,他们将人的前列腺癌细胞22Rvl导入NOD/SCID免疫缺陷小鼠中,发现能在小鼠血浆中检测到原本不存在的miR-629*和miR-660,而且miRNAs的丰度与肿瘤的大小相关,并可作为诊断肿瘤的生物标志物。
循环中miRNAs可作为疾病的“指纹”去预测生存状态[27-30]。大多数人认为循环RNA来自细胞凋亡或坏死、细胞主动释放以及循环细胞的分裂。有些核酸蛋白1(NPM1)能够介导部分miRNAs由胞内释放到胞外并且保护它在胞外不被核酸酶降解,有些循环miRNA由多种未知的成分构成。由于它们含量丰富且具有组织的特异性、循环中的相对稳定性,循环中miRNAs作为独特的、易获得的分子标志物来检测和监控癌症具有深远的影响。循环中的miRNAs能够反映组织的一些信号,像丙型肝炎患者血清miR-122表达比正常人高,且和ALT表达有非常高的一致性[31],而且还与病毒载量、乙肝表面抗原量、γ谷氨酰转移酶(GGT)等相关[32]。有学者报道miR-500在外周血中的表达随肝癌术前术后发生变化,但只观察了3例[33]。最新研究表明,miR-101可能是HBV相关肝癌诊断及进展监控的潜在标志物[34-35]。
循环miRNAs在肝癌中表达失调的报道比较少[36],具体哪些miRNA在诊断中起主要作用目前还存在很多争论,距离在临床诊断中应用还有待进一步验证。本课题拟进行如下3个方面工作:(1)以乙型及丙型肝炎单独和重叠感染、肝硬化和肝细胞癌患者血清为参考样本,通过exqion的LNATMmiRNA芯片对健康对照、肝硬化及肝癌患者血清中潜在的循环miRNAs进行初步分析与对比,筛选可能与肝病相关的miRNAs;(2)通过临床病例对照研究,用茎环法实时荧光定量PCR对几种可能与肝病相关的循环miRNAs进行初步验证,以此初步探索循环miRNAs作为肝脏相关疾病分子标志物的可能性,再联合AFP、AFP-L3及GP73做相关性研究及通过受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)来评价实验的特异性和准确性;(3)利用生物信息学并结合有关文献,对优势的miRNAs潜在靶基因进行预测并探讨肝病患者血清中的miRNAs可能原因。期待能发现特异性较强的miRNAs生物标志物,为早期诊断或鉴别诊断肝癌及为肝相关疾病的miRNAs靶向治疗提供依据。
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