匡梦 黄艳姣 郑兰荣
皖南医学院病理学教研室(安徽芜湖421002)
神经胶质瘤发生于神经外胚层,根据胶质瘤细胞的分化情况分为:星形细胞瘤、少突胶质瘤、室管膜瘤、髓母细胞瘤、多形性胶质母细胞瘤等。越来越多的证据[1-2]表明神经胶质瘤与Ras相关的C3肉毒素底物1(RAC1)的异常有关。RAC1是小鸟苷酸三磷酸酶的成员,可以通过细胞前端的肌动蛋白聚合来促进迁移,并诱导膜皱褶和鳞片状伪足的形成[3]。通过调节细胞骨架重排,RAC1在肿瘤细胞黏附、迁移和侵袭起到了重要作用[4-5]。RAC1及其下游效应物的异常与乳腺、肺、卵巢癌和神经胶质瘤等肿瘤细胞迁移,侵袭和转移相关[6-9]。
酪氨酸激酶按其结构可以分为两大类:受体酪氨酸激酶和非受体酪氨酸激酶。受体型的酪氨酸激酶通常具有胞外配体结合结构域、一个跨膜区以及胞内激酶域。胞外结构域与配体结合并引起构象变化,激活具有自磷酸化位点的胞内段的酪氨酸激酶。具体成员及作用如下。
1.1 表皮生长因子受体(epithelial growth factor receptor,EGFR)家族EGFR家族共有4个成员,即EGFR、HER2、HER3和 HER4。SOOMAN 等[10]发 现 喜 树 碱 和 EGFR 或RAC1协同作用,阻止胶质瘤的发展。FENG等[11]证实EGFRvlll通过类固醇受体辅助活化因子(steroid receptor coactivator,Src)家族蛋白酪氨酸激酶、Src诱导抑制胞质分裂作用因子 180Y722(dedicator of cytokinesis ,DOCK180Y722)位点的磷酸化,而DOCK180可以刺激RAC1的活化,从而导致胶质瘤细胞的迁移。表明靶向EGFRvIII/Dock180/RAC1信号轴可成为恶性胶质瘤发展潜在的治疗靶点。KARPEL-MASSLER 等[12-13]发现 NSC23766的运用可以增强了HER1/EGFR靶向药物厄洛替尼抗肿瘤作用。
1.2 血小板衍化生长因子受体(platelet derived growth factor receptor,PDGFR)家族PDGFR-α与PDGF结合,使其发生自磷酸化[14],继而激活下游因子,刺激血管增生和细胞增殖导致肿瘤的形成。含有SH2结构域的酪氨酸磷酸酶的异常,将会抑制PDGFR刺激的RAC1、细胞分裂周期蛋白42(cell division cycle 42,CDC42)、丝氨酸苏氨酸蛋白激酶(serine threonine kinase,AKT)等的磷酸化,从而阻碍了PDGFR/RAC1影响的胶质瘤细胞的生长和侵袭[15]。此外,PDGFR-α的刺激导致DOCK180S1250的磷酸化,激活RAC1、AKT,同时在体外促进细胞迁移[16]。通过LY294002抑制磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase,PI3K),从而抑制诱导的AKT,消除PDGF刺激的细胞生长和胶质瘤细胞的存活[17]。同时,FENG等[18]发现胶质母细胞瘤中的PDGFR-α信号传导刺激DOCK180Y1811的Src依赖性磷酸化,促进RAC1的激活和随后影响细胞生长和侵袭。
1.3 成纤维细胞生长因子受体家族成纤维细胞生长因子受体家族包括成纤维细胞生长因子受体-1,-2,-3,-4这4位成员。FUKAI等[19]发现在胶质瘤中酪氨酸激酶受体A4 mMRA是正常组织的4倍,酪氨酸激酶受体A4与成纤维细胞生长因子受体形成异源受体复合物,该复合物增强了RAC1、CDC42信号通路,促进胶质瘤的迁移。FORTIN等[20]证实,CDC42在成纤维细胞生长因子诱导分子14介导活化RAC1中起至关重要的作用。消耗上皮细胞转化序列2癌基因,废除肿瘤坏死因子样凋亡微弱诱导剂/成纤维细胞生长因子诱导分子14引起的CDC42和RAC1的活化,影响胶质瘤细胞迁移、侵袭。
1.4 血管内皮细胞生长因子受体(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor,VEGFR)家族VEGF也称血管通透因子或血管调节因子。当VEGFR被异常激活,就会导致内皮细胞增殖、迁移,并诱导抗凋亡基因表达,以及肿瘤血管形成,推测可通过抑制VEGF信号通路以达到治疗肿瘤目的[21]。MALLA等[22]通过破坏VEGF表达,RAC1、细胞周期蛋白D1的表达被下调,胶质瘤的血管生成被抑制,胶质瘤的增殖和迁移也受到影响。
1.5 肝细胞生长因子受体家族肝细胞生长因子受体主要为间质表皮转化因子(cellular-mesenchymal to epithelial transition factor,C-MET),其信号通路活化主要是由于CMET基因的扩增、突变,或过度表达导致癌症形成[23]。FAN等[24]研究发现MET的内吞和再循环有利于RAC1信号传导,以最佳的膜起皱和细胞迁移和侵袭。细胞MET的回收降低,肝细胞生长因子诱导的丝裂原细胞外信号调节激酶和AKT的磷酸化降低,PI3K、RAC1、CDC42的活化下调,导致细胞极性的丧失和降低了细胞的迁移能力。DOCK7能显著阻止依赖肝细胞生长因子的RAC1的活性以及胶质瘤的侵袭[25]。
非受体酪氨酸激酶又称胞浆型酪氨酸激酶,存在于胞浆或胞膜内侧藕联结合跨膜受体。非受体酪氨酸激酶能够介导G蛋白偶联受体、外界受体酪氨酸激酶和整联蛋白的信号,调控细胞生长、细胞迁移、细胞生存等多种功能。主要成员及功能如下。
2.1 Src家族蛋白酪氨酸激酶Src家族酪氨酸激酶主要由 Src、Fyn、Yrk、Lyn 等 11个成员组成。Src/黏着斑激酶(focal adhesion kinase,FAK)信号通路参与胶质瘤的增殖、迁移、侵袭以及血管新生等多个病理过程[26-28]。许多小分子Src抑制剂已被开发用于治疗不同的肿瘤。早先有相关报道Musashi1通过RAC1和Src等作用靶点促进胶质瘤的生长,并且通过基因芯片发现RAC1与Musashi1相关联,与胶质瘤的增殖、生长、存活、凋亡等多个进程相关[29]。THIYAGARAJAN等[30]发现安卓奎诺尔阻止FAK/Src复合物的形成,胶质瘤细胞系的RAC1、CDC42、Src、FAK蛋白水平降低,将肿瘤细胞抑制在G1期。研究[31-32]发现Lyn、Src同源性3结构域的鸟嘌呤核苷酸交换因子的激活刺激肿瘤坏死因子样凋亡微弱诱导剂/成纤维细胞生长因子诱导分子14诱导的RAC1激活,促进片状伪足的形成,胶质瘤的侵袭增加。
2.2 FAK家族局部黏着斑激酶目前,FAK家族发现两个成员,即FAK和富含脯氨酸的酪氨酸激酶2。在高级别的神经胶质瘤,TROY(TNFRSF expressed on the mouse embryo)通过富含脯氨酸的酪氨酸激酶2/RAC1信号通路促进胶质瘤细胞的侵袭,通过AKT/核因κB通路促进胶质瘤细胞的生存[33-34]。安卓奎诺尔作用于FAK的Y397位点,RAC1、CDC42、Src、FAK蛋白水平降低,胶质瘤细胞在细胞周期G1期出现活力抑制[30]。
近10年,神经胶质瘤常用的治疗手段为手术切除,辅以放化疗,DTI示踪皮质脊髓束的运用,减低了皮质脊髓束辐射剂量[35],针对胶质瘤的临床药物研发取得了一定的成就,但仍然存在许多问题,例如:胶质瘤的侵袭和迁移并没有得到有效的阻滞;已投入临床使用的一些药物已经出现了药物的灵敏性下降以及出现耐药性等问题,导致总体疗效不让人满意。针对酪氨酸激酶/RAC1信号通路的靶向药物给临床胶质瘤的治疗提供新的方向,为肿瘤的防治、预后等方面开辟新的思路。
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