李宏福
高一语法的定语从句和名词性从句是高中英语教学的重点,也是学生学习的难点,同时又是高考考查的热点。纵观近年各地高考试题,对两大从句的考查不是单纯考查其语法结构,而是把它融入到一定的语境中,考查学生的实际综合运用能力。本文试图分析这两大从句的常见考点,帮助学生在学习中总结应对的策略。
一、定语从句的考点
1.关系代词的用法
(1)关系代词that和which的用法
that和which在限制性定语从句中都可以做主语、表语或宾语,先行词均指物;做宾语时,均可省略。在通常情况下,可以互换使用,但是that不能引导非限制性定语从句,which可以引导非限制性定语从句。命题角度主要以that与which指物时的区别为重点进行命制。
【例题】
①You can borrow any book________you want to read in our school library.
A.which B.that
C.who D.where
【解析】答案是B。先行词被all,every,no,some,any,(a)few,(a)little,much等限定词修饰时,用that引导,不用which。
②The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China,________he remembers starting as early as his childhood.
A.where B.which
C.that D.when
【解析】答案是B。此处为非限制性定语从句,先行词是a passion,并在定语从句中做starting的宾语,that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
(2)关系代词as的用法
关系代词as引导限制性定语从句时既可指人又可指物,只能替代由such,the same等修饰的先行词;as引导非限制性定语从句时,可放于句首,句中或置于句尾,而which则只能置于主句之后。但如果定语从句为否定句或表示否定意义,使用which。as引导的非限制性定语从句有“正如”之意,而which没有这个意思。
【例题】
①We had found such materials________are used in their factory.
A.that B.which
C.as D.when
【解析】答案是C。当先行词前有such,the same,as,so修饰时,通常用关系代词as引导定语从句。②The number of smokers,________is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
A.it B.which
C.what D.as
【解析】答案是D。此句为非限制性定语从句,先行词为整个主句,as表示“正如”的含义。
2.关系副词的用法
当先行词和介词一起在定语从句中做状语时,要用关系副词。其中when=表时间的介词(如in, at,during等)+which;where=表地点的介词(如:in,at,on,under等)+which;why=表原因的介词(如:for)+which。
【例题】
①I didn't become a serious climber until the fifth grade,________I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.
A.which B.where
C.when D.that
【解析】C。先行詞是the fifth grade,when引导定语从句,在从句中做时间状语。
②The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication,especially at work________a good impression is a must.
A.that B.where
C.which D.what
【解析】答案是B。先行词是work,关系副词where引导定语从句,在从句中做地点状语。
3.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
当关系代词做介词宾语,且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时,介词可以提前,这样就出现“介词+关系代词”。先行词指物,用“介词+which”;先行词指人,则用“介词+whom”,且两个关系代词均不能省略。
【例题】
①She showed the visitors around themuseum,the construction____________had taken more than three years.
A.for which B.with which
C.of which D.to which
【解析】答案是C。先行词是the museum,the construction of which=of which the construction=whose construction。
②Many young people,most____________were well-educated,headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.endprint