◆王 东
(浙江信达外国语学校)
在十几年的英语教学中,常听到同事抱怨,作文教学不知道怎么开展?因为这是一项耗时多、见效慢的艰苦工作,给教学繁重的英语同仁增加了许多困难与压力。于是,英语作文教学老师不满意,学生也怨言颇多,两看相厌。为了探索一条可行的英语作文教学之路,这些年来一直在做一些改革与尝试,总结出“顺、亮、彩”作文教学三部曲,与各位同仁分享,希望有所借鉴。
我发现,初级中学和一些英语薄弱的高中学生容易犯这类错误:作文读读,就是不够顺、语病繁多。文章只有“写顺”了,才能达到最基本的可读性要求,否则就有可能胡言乱语。那么,我们怎样才能把文章写顺?
1.语言顺
我们读那些错误率高的文章,磕磕绊绊、索然无味。究其原因有这些:
(1)汉语思维影响英语表达
在学习英语过程中,我们每个人或多或少都受到母语的干扰,因此Chinglish的表达方式在学生的习作中应该是司徒见惯。详见下列句子(所有病句均摘自于笔者学生平时作文中):
①The rain is big.改成:It rains/rained heavily.
②The price is expensive.改成:The price is high.
③His body is very healthy.改成:He is very healthy.
(2)语法错误影响表达
A.动词扎堆,谓语不明确
①Stay uplateisn’tgood for your health.
改成:Stayingup late isn’t good for your health.
②I’m often dochores,such as make the bed,water the flowers.
改成:I often dochores such as making the bed and wateringthe flowers.
B.代词混乱,指代不清
①It is bad for you health.改成:It’s bad for yourhealth.
②You should try ourbest to care about the poor kids.
改成:You should tryyour best to care about the poor kids.
C.时态混乱
①If you sleep well last night,you will have good spirit to study.
改成:If yousleep well every night,you will have good spirit to study.
②When Iseethese,I was very satisfied.改成:When I sawthese,I was very satisfied.
D.标点误用
①You can just talk with your classmates andteacher,then you’ll be OK.
改成:You can just talk with your classmates and teachers. Then you’ll be OK.
②Reading books is a goodhabit,I want to let me keep it.
改成:Reading books is a goodhabit andI want to let me keep it.
E.单词拼写不正确
学生单词拼写不过关,通常是形近词,如下列病句:
①You are so tried.改成:You are so tired.
②They study muchhardly.改成:They study much harder.
③Expectbooks,they also need money to buy school things.
改成:Exceptbooks,they also need money to buy school things.
要纠正学生汉语式英语表达和语法错误,平时要多积累,发现并改正孩子们写作中这类错误,让他们整理。
2.内容顺
总体来说,内容理顺,大多数同学容易做到,出错的概率最小。要提醒的是,小部分同学在写作中,没有读清楚题目的要求,而急于作答,有可能漏掉要点或要求。
3.逻辑顺
“比较中西方文化差异,我们会发现西方人继承了古希腊拉丁文化,擅长于逻辑思维、抽象性思考和实验研究;然而,中国人习惯于辩证性、整体性思维和艺术性思考。”因此,中文是比较注重意连,而英语是比较注重逻辑连接或形连。所以,中国学生在写作时,经常会受到母语的干扰,写出一连串的没有连接词的英语句子。
在完成了第一步作文教学“写顺”的前提下,要给孩子作文提更高的要求“写亮”。可以从以下三个方面开展:
1.词汇与句式写亮
关于文章写“亮”,笔者认为主要体现在用词的升级和句式的多样性。不同阶段的学生,他们的英语选词方面是有变化的。比如,小学生说“I like music very much.”初中生就可以说“I really enjoy listening to music.”水平再高一点的高中生就可以说“I definitely appreciate music.”同样一个“喜欢”,在不同的阶段,写作中可以表达为“like,enjoy,appreciate”,是一个逐渐升级的过程,而不是三个阶段的学生一样要求。“实际上掌握较多的同义词对丰富写作用词,提高语言的运用能力方面均有很好的作用。”(魏鹰,英语同义词辨析)同理,如果老是用简单句来表达英语作文,会让改卷老师感觉到你的英语句式单调、缺乏变化,不够丰富。因此,为了把文章写亮,我们需要在句式的多样性上下功夫。常见的有这些方式可以丰富你的英语句式:
(1)介词或名词短语充当独立成分
①Withhis left arm,he bandaged himself so thathe would not lose too much blood.
②Liu Yu,a fifteen-year-old boy from Shandong,is a running star.
(2)非谓语动词的恰当使用
①Takingnotes in the class can help you study English.
②To tell you the truth,I don’t like chicken,either.
③Deeply encouraged by my teacher,I study English harder than ever before.
(3)巧用复杂句(思考下列复杂句的表达方式)
①He lives in Hangzhou and the environment is very beautiful there.
改成:He lives in Hangzhou wherethe environment is beautiful.
②There were many times whenAron almost lost his life because of accidents.
③Li Wen is a normal 15-year-oldboy whoworks hard in school and gets good grades.
(4)巧用连接词
①Even ifyou learn something well,you will forget it unlessyou use it.
②Good learners often connect whatthey need to learn with something they are interested in.
③Everythingthatyou learn becomes a part of you and changes you,so learn wisely and learn well.
④Hou Yi wasso sadthat he called out her name to the moon every night.
⑤Tom can not onlyspeak English but alsospeak Chinese.
(5)巧用套句
The earlierkids learn to be independent,the better it is for their future.
The moreyou read,the faster you’ll be.
2.书写亮
就作文书写是否工整、美观,绝大多数老师认为会有2-3分的影响。书写美观、整洁的同学会比那些潦草同学多2~3分。这可真不少,其实也是能理解的。如果你字迹都不清楚,潦潦草草,老师怎么有信心读下去?怎么给高分?所以,在平常考试当中,一定要规范书写,等到中考、高考中就能以更高的“颜值”去赢得改卷老师的青睐。
1.用词精当考究
唐朝苦吟派诗人贾岛,为了一句诗或一个词,不惜耗费心血,甚至几年才作一首诗。其名句“鸟宿池边树,僧敲月下门”就是这样推敲得来。一开始,他犹豫是用“推”还是用“敲”字,于是在驴背上反复作推敲之势,最后定下“僧敲月下门”。由此可见,用词精当太重要了。改卷中,我感觉有些同学易入误区,认为只要单词不拼写错或尽量用一些生僻的词汇。实际上,英语写作中,得体太重要。即把单词用对地方,用得恰当就是最好。
2.善于比喻、拟人、排比、设问、倒装等修辞
A.设问的作用能起到吸引读者的兴趣,或引出主题。在九年级教材(P102)开头“Do you often throw away things you don’t need anymore?”“Have you ever thought about how these things can actually be put to good us?”两个问句把读者引入“Rethink,Reuse,Recycle”当中,读者的兴趣调动了,并且话题引出。写作中如适当引用设问,文章会更生动。
B.排比能使用同样的句式,给文章增添气势。例如,在九年级英语教材“Go for it”(P107) ,文章前三段,连续用了三个相同句式“I remember…”把读者带入了作者读书期间的往事追忆中去,很抒情与怀旧,也增强了文章的情感。
C.偶尔倒装能给作文增色彩。我们知道,通常英语写作中表达方式是陈述句语气,但是偶尔倒装一下,效果就不一样。例如,九年级英语教材“Go for it”(P54),文章Should I Be Allowed to Make My Own Decisions?最后一段最后一句“Only then will I have a chance to achieve my dream.”就用的恰到好处。
D.比喻在作文中能起到使文章生动的作用,通常是单词“like,as,as…as…,as if,treat…as…,A is to B what C is to D…”
3.善于引经据典,尤其是一些成语、谚语和格言
在阅读中,那些旁征博引、引经据典的文章,总是让我们爱不释手。“英语中能否正确使用成语、谚语、格言往往是一个人的语言水平的标志。”因此,当学生英语水平达到比较高的阶段时,我们可以从成语、谚语和格言的恰当使用上面花点功夫去指导。
当然,英语作文教学是一个复杂的、长期的、循序渐进的过程。我们不要指望上一、两次作文课就能解决学生所有问题。但是,如果我们能够用科学的方法去评判学生们的英语写作水平,并结合我上述的作文教学“三部曲”,我们完全可以取得一些成绩。愿我的一些同仁读完这篇文章后有所收获。