周 洋 彭 艳 周小秋,3*
(1.四川农业大学动物营养研究所,成都 611130;2.上海美农生物科技股份有限公司,上海 201807;3.动物抗病营养教育部重点实验室,成都 611130)
在集约化养殖过程中,动物易受到各种不良因素,如饲粮中致病微生物、抗营养因子的刺激,发生应激反应,导致消化道氧化损伤,引起炎症反应,发生腹泻等肠道疾病,最终导致动物生长受阻甚至死亡。因此,增强动物抗氧化功能和肠道健康,提高动物机体的免疫力对保证其健康生长至关重要。植物精油(essential oil,EO)是植物次生代谢产物,可由植物各个器官合成,具有一定挥发性。近年的研究发现植物精油具有抗氧化、缓解炎症和促进动物生长发育的作用。研究发现,饲粮中添加植物精油能够提高小鼠肾脏[1]和肉鸡空肠[2]抗氧化能力,提高虹鳟(Oncorhynchusmykiss)机体免疫能力[3],降低仔猪腹泻[4],促进动物生长。本文就植物精油在动物体内的消化吸收和代谢、促进动物生长及增强机体免疫力的机制进行综述。
植物精油是一类植物重要的次生代谢产物,分子质量较小,有特殊芳香味,常温下多为油状液体,具有一定挥发性。已知的植物精油有3 000多种,成分复杂,多为几十种物质的混合物,主要包括萜烯类化合物(terpenes)、芳香族化合物(aromatic derivatives)、脂肪族化合物和含氮含硫类化合物4类基本成分,目前研究较多的几种主要的植物精油见表1。
少量研究发现植物精油在动物胃肠道和皮肤都可被迅速吸收,在体内的代谢迅速,主要经肾脏代谢后24 h内以尿液形式排出[6-7]。研究发现,在仔猪和大鼠采食含植物精油的饲粮2 h内,仔猪血浆中百里香酚、香芹酚和丁香酚含量以及大鼠肾脏和肝脏中D-柠檬烯含量均达到峰值[8-9]。进一步研究发现,饲粮中百里香酚和香芹酚主要在断奶仔猪小肠前端吸收[9]。植物精油快速在胃肠道前端吸收,并且迅速代谢出体外,但微囊包被香芹酚2 h内在模拟胃液中仅有低于20%的部分被降解;在模拟肠道液体中2 h释放量超过60%,在6 h内几乎完全被释放[10]。以上结果说明,植物精油能快速被动物胃肠道前端吸收,而包被的植物精油在胃肠道后端释放。另外,研究发现植物精油在哺乳动物皮肤也可被迅速吸收。在人[11]和鼠[12]上的研究发现,涂抹植物精油10 min后血浆中的植物精油含量达到最大值,且经皮肤吸收的量与植物精油浓度、皮肤特性、精油接触时间和接触面积有关[8]。
表1 几种主要的植物精油
不同植物精油在不同动物上的代谢产物有一定差异(表2)。在大鼠上的研究发现,百里香酚与香芹酚在体内代谢后以硫酸盐、葡萄糖苷酸盐和不发生降解的原始形态等形式代谢出体外[6]。在兔和人上百里香酚的代谢产物则为硫酸盐或百里氢醌[7]。反式肉桂醛在小鼠上的代谢产物为马尿酸和巯基尿酸[13]。茴香脑在大鼠和小鼠上代谢产物则是以与硫酸根、葡萄糖醛酸、甘氨酸和谷胱甘肽结合的形式代谢出体外[14]。
表2 几种植物精油的代谢产物
植物精油可能通过提高消化吸收能力促进动物生长。动物生长与消化吸收能力密切相关,消化酶活性能够反映其消化能力。研究发现,饲粮中添加适宜水平的百里香酚和肉桂醛提高了肉鸡肠道胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性[21-22]。肠道生长发育与其消化能力密切相关。研究发现,饲粮中添加牛至和柑橘精油提高了肉鸡肠绒毛高度[18],减少了凡纳滨对虾肠绒毛脱落[17]。以上研究说明,植物精油可能通过促进肠道的生长发育促进其消化吸收能力。Tiihonen等[23]的研究发现,饲粮中添加百里香酚和肉桂醛能够增加肉鸡盲肠丁酸的相对含量;而Tian等[24]的研究表明,丁酸能够提高草鱼肠道消化酶活性并促进肠绒毛生长。以上结果表明,饲粮中添加植物精油可能通过提高肠道中丁酸的含量促进动物肠道发育,提高消化吸收能力,从而促进生长。
肠道微生态系统是影响动物消化吸收能力的重要因素,肠道菌群平衡有助于提高动物的消化吸收能力[25]。研究发现,在仔猪[4]和鸡[26]饲粮中添加适宜水平的百里香酚和肉桂醛等提高了肠道乳酸杆菌的数量,降低了大肠杆菌数量;牛至和大蒜精油降低了肉鸡肠道梭状芽孢杆菌和链球菌数量[27]。以上结果表明,植物精油能通过促进肠道有益菌生长,抑制有害菌生长,改善肠道菌群平衡,从而保证其消化吸收能力的发挥。
由此可见,植物精油可能通过提高动物肠道消化酶活性、促进肠道生长发育、维持肠道菌群平衡提高消化吸收能力并促进动物生长。
3.2.1 通过缓解炎症反应提高动物免疫力
炎症反应是一种重要的免疫应答,过度的炎症反应会损害动物健康[29]。细胞因子是介导炎症反应的主要因子,包括促炎细胞因子[如肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)等]和抗炎细胞因子[如白细胞介素-10(IL-10)]等,主要由免疫细胞分泌产生[30]。研究发现,饲粮中添加香芹酚等植物精油缓解了肉鸡[31]及小鼠[32]肠道炎症,并降低了断奶仔猪腹泻指数[4]。进一步的研究发现,百里香酚和肉桂酸能分别降低小鼠乳腺上皮细胞[33]和单核巨噬细胞[34]中促炎细胞因子TNF-α和IL-6的含量;滨艾精油能够降低小鼠巨噬细胞IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-6的基因表达[35]。以上结果表明,植物精油能通过降低促炎细胞因子含量来缓解动物炎症反应,促进动物健康。
核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)是调控细胞因子或其他炎症反应相关基因表达的重要转录因子[36]。研究发现,百里香酚和佛手柑精油降低了小鼠乳腺上皮细胞[33]和小鼠巨噬细胞[37]NF-κB p65磷酸化水平,并可通过抑制小鼠乳腺上皮细胞中NF-κB的激活降低促炎细胞因子的产生[33]。在正常生理条件下,NF-κB在细胞质与其抑制因子核因子κB抑制因子(IκB)绑定,但是当受到刺激时,IκB发生磷酸化并降解,导致NF-κB p65磷酸化调控相关基因的表达[36]。在HeLa细胞上,IκB激酶(IKK)的激活使IκBα磷酸化,磷酸化后的IκBα与NF-κB脱离,使NF-κB由抑制变为激活[38]。研究发现,百里香酚能够降低小鼠乳腺上皮细胞[33]和小鼠巨噬细胞[37]IκBα磷酸化水平;柠檬醛能够降低小鼠单核巨噬细胞IKK蛋白表达[39]。这说明植物精油可能通过IKK/IκBα/NF-κB p65信号途径调控动物的炎症反应,但具体机制有待进一步研究。
此外,丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)家族包括细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)、c-jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)和p38丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(p38)3个主要成员,在炎症反应中能够调控细胞因子产生[40]。研究表明,炎症发生时百里香酚能够降低小鼠乳腺上皮细胞JNK、ERK和p38的磷酸化水平[33],肉桂醛能够降低小鼠巨噬细胞炎症发生时JNK、ERK和p38的磷酸化水平[34],而佛手柑精油能够降低脂多糖(LPS)诱导下小鼠巨噬细胞ERK和JNK的磷酸化水平[37]。这表明植物精油还可能通过MAPK信号途径调控炎症细胞因子产生,进而缓解炎症反应,提高动物机体的免疫力,但还需要开展更加系统深入的研究。
3.2.2 通过增强抗氧化功能提高动物免疫力
综上所述,植物精油能够通过提高动物消化吸收能力和增强机体免疫功能促进动物生长。植物精油提高动物消化吸收能力与其促进肠道生长发育和改善肠道微生态平衡有关;动物免疫力的提高与其提高免疫物质含量、缓解炎症反应以及提高抗氧化损伤能力相关。植物精油作为一种绿色安全的饲料添加剂已经被广泛应用到生产中,具有广阔的应用前景,但目前的研究较少且较缺乏具体作用机制研究,需要进一步开展更加系统深入的研究。
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*Corresponding author, professor, E-mail: zhouxq@sicau.edu.cn