陈文峰 韩莉 李宁
[摘要] 护士长核心能力提升在临床应用中具有十分重要的意义,但采用何种方式可有效提升护士长核心能力仍存在诸多争议,采用基于自我效能感理论的护士长核心能力提升路径是较为可靠的方法之一,其通过分析护士长自我管理效能影响因素,并通过塑造良好自身形象、塑造健康向上稳定心态、设置科学目标、鼓励讨论借鉴工作经验、激发潜在能力及正确对待反馈等方式有效提高护士长核心能力。
[关键词] 自我效能感理论;护士长;核心能力;提升路径
[中图分类号] R47 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2018)09(c)-0162-04
[Abstract] The improvement of core competence of head nurses is of great significance in clinical application. However, there are still many disputes on how to effectively improve the core competence of the head nurse. It is one of the most reliable methods to use the theory of self-efficacy to improve the core competence of the head nurse. Through the analysis of the self-management effectiveness of the head nurse, it can effectively improve the core competence of the head nurse by shaping a good self-image, shaping a healthy attitude, setting scientific goals, encouraging discussion and learning from work experiences, stimulating potential ability and treating feedback correctly.
[Key words] Self-efficacy theory; Head nurse; Core competence; Improving path
自我效能理论是指个体对周围环境控制行为和感受能力的信念或感知[1]。常用于表示个体对自身是否具备完成某活动的能力判断、信念、主体自我感受及把握能力[2-3]。有研究指出,若护士长自我效能管理水平高,则其在日常工作中更易接受新任务,能始终表现出足够的毅力和饱满的情绪状态[4]。护理工作人员充满自信则具有较高的自我效能管理水平,科室气氛融洽、环境愉悦、凝聚力强,有助于提高护士长自我效能[5]。本研究对基于自我效能感理论的护士长核心能力提升路径的设计与应用进行总结,为护士长自我管理效能的提高提供参考。
1 护士长核心技能
核心技能是内在的能力之一,是完成工作绩效的关键能力。不同时期的核心能力研究丰富了核心能力理论[6]。核心能力可分为个人及组织层面核心能力[7]。Osagie等[8]最早提出个人核心能力概念,指个体完成绩效所需技能、知识、特性。而Bouncken等[9]最早提出组织层面核心能力概念,主要指組织累积性学识。核心能力是护士长工作中的关键要素,主要包括护士长个人能力、知识、个人特质和技能[10]。
目前学术界尚未形成统一的护士核心能力界定,一般情况下需要护士具备特定的知识、技能、个人特质及判断力[11]。目前我国对护士长核心技能进行界定时指出,护士长可提供操作规范的护理服务,组织并开展完整的整体护理服务,详细观察并记录病情变化及用药反应,并组织医师对重症患者抢救及处理[12]。有学者对护士长核心能力框架结构进行分析发现,护士长核心能力主要包括技能、知识及态度三方面,将三方面有机结合共包括8个要素,即科研、批判性思维、领导能力、伦理与法律、临床护理、人际关系、教育与咨询、转移发展[13-14]。
目前在临床中评价护士长核心技能过程中主要采用三种方法,即心理测量模式评价、实践技能领域评价及临床理论领域评价[15]。采用心理测量模式评价是在事件访谈、回顾文献、专家咨询基础上建立测量框架模型,在临床工作中应用较为流行和成熟,已成为最常见的评价护士长核心能力的方法之一,其可以多角度全方位地评估护理人员能力,具有易操作、成本低、结果可靠的优势[16]。但在评价实践技能领域及临床理论领域时,其评价过程常需要消耗大量时间、人力及物力资源,并存在诸多局限[17]。
2 护士长自我管理效能影响因素
一般情况下,他人失败或成功经验均具有一定程度的示范效应,即看到别人通过努力获得成功的经验[18]。新护士长走上岗位后,多缺乏实际工作经验,对承担任务存一定疑虑,但当看到其他护士长独立自主地完成工作时,会随之增强自己的信心。此外,有学者指出护士长在被上级或下级认可后,其自信心会增强,会更为积极努力地工作,自我效能感得到提高。消极情绪状态可降低个体自我效能感,积极情绪状态可提高护士长自我效能感,护士长行自我效能管理时,应注重积极参与日常工作,这有助于提高自我管理效能[19-20]。此外,有研究指出,自我管理效能感与目标设置互相影响,事先设置目标有助于护士长确定衡量自我效能感水平,提高自我判断能力[21]。
3 基于提高自我效能的护士长核心能力提升方法
有学者指出,在提高护士长自我效能管理时,应使护士长意识到自己从事的工作是周围工作人员及领导信任的结果,应努力提高自身能力感,绝不能辜负大家重托及希望[22]。在提高护士长自我管理效能,并显著提升护士长核心能力时,应从以下几个方面入手:
3.1 塑造良好自身形象,塑造健康向上稳定心态
有学者指出,在日常护理工作中,护士长是护理团队的负责人之一,其一举一动、一言一行均可能强烈影响护理人员,并可潜移默化地影响其他医务护理工作人员。此外,护士长需要学会并懂得自我欣赏,组织协调护士工作安排,这有助于克服日常工作中遇到的困难,塑造良好自我形象,提高自我效能管理质量[23]。有研究指出,护士长应学会发挥护理品牌效应,营销护理团队,打造科室护理特色[24]。护士长应对自身负责的护理业务精通,遇到紧急事情时可及时敏锐地反应。护士长应拥有管理能力,并善于管理[25]。科学合理排班,不断提高自我效能管理能力,并提升自我核心技能水平。一般情况下,护士长是日常护理工作的带头人,因而护士长应努力不断完善自我,及时调整负性情绪,杜绝感情用事,使护士长本人及护理团队均可保持健康心态。此外,由于护士队伍中每个人均有不同资历,护士长作为带头人,应注重学习并汲取其他人员的成功工作经验。研究指出,护士长应注重学习管理方法,这在协调、处理问题能力及完成任务质量上均有体现[26]。工作中遇到问题时应及时向有工作经验的护士长请教,并结合团队特点灵活合理安排工作,养成及时总结的习惯,培养健康向上的心态[27]。
3.2 设置科学目标
有学者研究发现,护士长自我效能管理与目标设置互相影响,护士长能否准确设置挑战性目标已成为评估自我效能管理的体现[28]。在日常工作中护士长应努力实现自己设置的目标,辅导团队树立足够信心,努力实现团队目标,还应懂得并学会预前控制,并依照之前设置的时间节点定期总结汇总。在设置目标时应学会分解目标,将任务分解到个人,充分发挥护理骨干的带头作用,整个团队共同合作,实现设置目标[29]。
3.3 鼓励讨论借鉴工作经验,激发潜在能力
临床工作时,有多种借鉴方法,除可与其他人员当面取经外,还可随时随地学习、观察[30]。护士长在定期的夜间查房、小组检查过程中,若发现其他科室或护理小组出现问题后应对照本科室情况进行反思,借鉴经验免于本科室出现同样问题,不但可防微杜渐,还有助于提高护士长自我效能管理质量,并可增强团队效能感。护士长在日常工作中应注重开发创造性思维,努力激发自身及所有工作人员的潜在能力。护士长应具备一定的创新意识,更好地运用管理技术和知识,并可在临床中实施创造性管理[31]。护士长在工作过程中发挥创造性思维时可能忽略会某些质量方法,提出建议时并不一定十分超前,上级主管应充分肯定其积极性,因其建议多为认真思考提出的,不能一味地以高质量的建议作为否定护士长的借口,挫伤护士长日常工作及思考的积极性。
3.4 正确对待反馈
一般情况下,人是通过获得社会性评价来实现认识自我的过程。日常工作中护士长工作范畴较广,反馈来自诸多方面,包括患者及家属反馈、团队成员反馈、医生反馈、护士长之间反馈、上级主管反馈等。在上述各种反馈中,上级主管的反馈意见对护士长的自我效能管理影响最为显著,护士长能否正确客观地对待反馈,对提高自我效能管理质量有着十分重要的影响[32]。因而,临床中上级在评价护士长业绩时,应实事求是、把握客观因素给予客观评价[33]。另一方面,护士长也应学会应对上级主管的负反馈意见,学会分析自己,将消极因素转变为积极因素,将其转变为激励自身进步的动力,进一步做好本职工作,提升自我效能管理[34]。
4 小结
护士长是科室护理工作领导者,其管理水平及素質直接关系到科室工作质量,基于自我效能感理论的实践可有效提升护士长核心能力。在对护士长进行培养时,可采用基于自我效能感理论的模式进行锻炼,注重提高其责任感、设立科学目标、正确对待反馈、保持稳定心态、取长补短、激发潜在能力,能够有效改善护士长核心能力。
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(收稿日期:2018-04-08 本文编辑:苏 畅)