李 强,付步礼,邱海燕,夏西亚,唐良德,刘 奎,曾东强
(1广西大学农业环境与农产品安全重点实验室培育基地,南宁530005;2中国热带农业科学院环境与植物保护研究所,海口571101;3华中农业大学植物科学技术学院,武汉430070)
滴灌施药技术可以根据作物生长需要和植物保护需求精准、适时、适量用药,不仅省时、省力、节水、增产增收,还对非靶标生物和天敌安全。同时通过土壤滴施内吸性杀虫剂,改变了药剂达到靶标害虫的方式,克服了黄胸蓟马因隐匿为害特性阻碍防治效果的问题。近年来,滴灌施药因可以有效控制作物病虫害的发生[1],对实现农业可持续发展至关重要,受到国内外农业工作者的普遍关注。Guo[2]研究表明,在水溶性农药的应用上滴灌可以代替叶面喷雾,而对于悬浮粉沫或颗粒剂使用滴灌系统输送的过程中可能由于药剂的不均匀分散导致滴头堵塞问题;Royer等[2]研究表明,滴灌可以有效控制土壤传播害虫,但是因土壤温度、水分、微生物活性和pH值的不同,导致农药在土壤中降解速率和向顶传导效率不同,对作物叶面害虫的防控效果往往比叶面喷雾差。滴灌施药存在的以上问题成为阻碍其大面积推广的主要因素。因此,对于农作物不同部位有害生物的防治中药剂的合理选择以及如何解决滴头堵塞问题还需要深入研究。
本研究在综述滴灌施药防治农作物害虫的相关研究及香蕉黄胸蓟马为害和防治现状的基础上,分析滴灌施药在防治黄胸蓟马上存在的优势及不足,探索滴灌施药防治黄胸蓟马上药剂的合理选择、使用剂量及施药时间等关键技术问题,以期为今后该技术在香蕉黄胸蓟马防治上的推广应用提供参考。
目前,滴灌技术已很好地解决香蕉、辣椒、柑橘、马铃薯、大豆等作物生长水肥一体化的问题。滴灌具有无输水损失、无地面径流损失、深层渗漏损失小、田间蒸发损失低[3]及提高水分利用率[4]等特点。王玉明等[5]研究表明,在马铃薯上应用滴灌比喷灌、管灌对水分生产率分别提高了7.8%和5.3%;Rao等[6]在棉花上应用滴灌比渠灌节省30%的灌溉用水;Hong等[7]在大豆上应用滴灌节省用水26.5%。此外,滴灌还有利于保持土壤结构,维持根区内较高的含水量,达到增产增收的目的[8-9]。据一项调查表明滴灌可以使蔬菜、甜瓜、棉花分别增产40%、25%和33.5%[10-11]。在农业上应用滴灌技术不仅提高了作物质量与产量,同时也可以减少杂草的控制、降低施肥量,节约了农业成本[11-12]。
滴灌最初作为一种节水方法被人们利用,随后逐步发现滴灌灌溉效率高,在美国、以色列、英国等发达国家得到快速的发展与应用。美国学者Byron等[13]在佐治亚州应用膜下滴灌施用杀虫剂威百亩,有效地控制水稻纹枯病和油莎草的发生;Steven[14]通过滴灌使用新烟碱类杀虫剂可以长期有效控制葡萄园早期或中期到后期的枝叶害虫;与常规叶面喷雾相比,滴灌使用灭多威对多种害虫表现出相似或更好的防治效果,且防治土壤中早期根结线虫的效果最佳[15];与飞机施药或常规地面施药相比,滴灌施用毒死蜱可以有效控制草地粘虫,同时避免了农药活性成分在叶片上的沉积,大大提高农药的利用率[16]。此外,大量研究表明通过滴灌应用毒死蜱、联苯菊酯、吡虫啉、噻虫胺、杀线威等均显著降低害虫损害范围和损伤程度,同时显著提高杀虫剂的防治效果[15-17]。
中国自1974年从墨西哥引入滴灌设备,进行了滴灌施肥系统的初步试验性研究。经过30多年的发展,水肥一体化技术由局部试验示范发展成为大面积推广应用[17]。近年来,滴灌施药在国内也进行了初步试验性研究,汤吉利等滴灌施用甲胺磷、氧化乐果、久效磷等内吸杀虫剂不但能效地杀死杨树害虫,而且可以有效控制害虫的发生与蔓延,起到1次防治,控制全年的效果[18];王映山等[19]在辣椒蚜虫大发生期间滴灌施用吡虫啉,防治效果显著,达98.1%~99.5%;戴爱梅等[20]滴施3种杀虫剂对玉米三点斑叶蝉防治效果达到80%以上。此外,滴灌施药不仅仅局限于杀虫剂的使用,滴施除草剂也能及时的防治农作物杂草和病害,带给农民更多经济效益。已有相关研究报道滴灌应用氯吡氟磺胺草醚、异丙甲草胺,可以有效控制油莎草[21];另有研究表明,在种植前使用采用注射或灌施输送土壤熏蒸剂1,3-二氯丙烯和二甲基硫的组合(1,3-D+DMDS)至土壤中,能显著控制根结线虫,同时抑制枯萎病和疫病菌侵染[22-23]。
黄胸蓟马[Thrips hawaiiensis(Morgan)]又名香蕉花蓟马、夏威夷蓟马,是一种常见的栖花害虫[24-25]。由于该虫在田间的适应性和扩散力很强,使其成为一种潜在的危险性害虫[26]。黄胸蓟马寄主繁多,分布范围较广,在热带、亚热带、欧洲和北美南部等地区均有发现[27-29]。目前是中国海南、广西、福建等香蕉、柑桔、芒果、葡萄、茶园、榕树等植物花期的重要害虫[30-32]。黄胸蓟马以雌成虫产卵于幼嫩的花蕾和果实内为害,在被害部位产生淡红色凸起伤痕小点,后期渐变成黑色。随着蕉果的膨大,黑斑点也逐渐增大,严重影响果实外观品质,造成严重经济损失[33-34]。
香蕉黄胸蓟马繁殖力强且隐匿为害,主要依靠化学防治,由于蕾苞阻隔杀虫剂直接作用于蓟马,进行喷雾防治效果不好,生产中较难有效防控[35]。在国外香蕉黄胸蓟马入侵较晚,暴发程度低,未见相关报道。在国内对香蕉黄胸蓟马的研究较早,邱海燕等[36]多种杀虫剂防治香蕉园香蕉黄胸蓟马试验表明苦参碱和啶虫脒防治效果最好,防效达80%以上。付步礼等[37]常规利用7种杀虫剂对香蕉黄胸蓟马的田间防治试验表明螺虫乙酯和乙基多杀菌素的防效最好,均达到85%以上。采用花蕾注射法[38]时,螺虫乙酯的防效最高,为83.14%,其次是溴氰虫酰胺和乙基多杀菌素,防效分别为75.73%和73.38%。
香蕉黄胸蓟马的物理防治方法主要集中在对色板引诱效果方面的评价[39-40]。
在蕉园内关于黄胸蓟马的防治主要依靠化学药剂,香蕉黄胸蓟马繁殖力强且隐蔽在花蕾为害,滴灌施药改变了药剂达到靶标的方式,解决了常规喷施杀虫剂时香蕉黄胸蓟马无法接触到药剂影响防治效果的问题。同时滴灌可以有效快捷地调节施用药剂的种类、浓度、次数及时间[41-43],而且香蕉植株体内含有大量水分,蒸腾作用强,有利于滴施内吸性杀虫剂的向顶传导,有利于蓟马的防治。
滴灌可以将农药安全有效地输送到植物根系周围的土壤中,是一种局部灌溉的模式[44-46]。由于香蕉抽蕾时间不一致,通过滴灌可以在香蕉抽蕾前期适时适量进行全园滴药,可以将药剂输送至作物根系周围土壤,药剂根区淋失小,根对药剂的吸收快,不仅可以迅速降低虫口基数[47-48],还可以提高药剂利用率、降低对非靶标生物和天敌的伤害[49]。
滴灌施药借助现有的水肥管理系统施用农药,在香蕉不同生育期适时适量将药剂输送至根系土壤[50-51],可节省施药人员在蕉园内寻找已抽蕾的香蕉植株进行常规花蕾喷雾的时间与精力的投入和灌溉用工,避免了常规喷雾中大量农药残留在土壤、水中,造成环境污染[52-53]。此外,香蕉植株高大,滴灌施药施药人员接触药剂少,避免了常规喷雾药剂的飘逸对施药人员带来中毒的风险。
滴灌施药受环境影响小,与叶面施药相比,不受大风、下雨等天气条件的影响,应用的灵活性可以避免香蕉园太泥泞,无法操作地面设备阻碍施药进程。
滴头堵塞是制约滴灌发展与推广应用的一个关键问题。香蕉植株根系较发达且生长具有向水性,根系很容易靠近滴头生长甚至进入滴头从而造成滴灌管堵塞[54-55],因此对于香蕉园内黄胸蓟马的防治应避免采用地下或地表滴灌。
滴灌施药过程中需要大量的灌溉水,利用咸水或在含盐量高的土壤上进行滴灌,会在湿润区的边缘造成盐分积累,经过雨水冲洗到作物根区则会引起盐害[56]。有研究报道,每增加灌溉水的一个水平的盐度会导致在辣椒植株的根区内更高水平的盐分积累,而增加盐水灌溉量也会增加根区内受影响层的大小,灌溉水盐度每增加一个水平,则不利于作物生长和降低作物产量[57-58]。此外,滴灌具有高度矿化的水也会使土壤板结,土壤质量降低,阻碍土壤中有益微生物的生长发育[59]。香蕉生长过程中需要大量的水分,应避免利用咸水或在含盐量高的土壤上进行滴灌。
黄胸蓟马主要隐藏在香蕉花蕾为害,叶面喷施往往防治效果不理想,选择内吸输导性能强的药剂,通过滴灌法施药,使药剂顺利到达花蕾,可望提高药剂的防治效果。筛选出内吸性强、对黄胸蓟马毒力高的药剂品种,确定药剂的使用剂量,明确药剂到达花蕾部位的时间,以及药剂在花蕾中的浓度,这是滴灌施药技术急需解决的关键问题。
滴灌技术不但可以较好解决作物生长水肥一体化问题,还可以选择在下面2种情况通过滴灌药物防止害虫:一是防治土壤有害微生物,二是防治叶面有害生物,后者的药剂则必须是有向上传导的特性,因此,农药是否具有内吸性是通过滴灌防治有害微生物关键。然而农药多数是非内吸性的,阻碍了滴灌施药防治叶面有害生物的推广应用。此外,由于药剂是随水一起输送到土壤中,在灌溉水中能否均匀分散、滴灌到根部土壤后的药剂被吸附钝化影响向顶传导效率、合理的输送剂量与合理防控剂量及滴灌施药药剂残留及安全性等问题还需要进一步的研究。
滴灌技术是现代化农业发展方向的重要体现,是农民创收、节省资源和减少环境污染的重要技术措施,也是发展可持续农业的重要保障[60]。因此,在中国大力发展可持续农业,提倡节水灌溉,节水农业与保护环境的大背景下,开发与研究利用滴灌施药技术是实现中国农业可持续发展的必要途径[61]。
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